The Journal provides an avenue to medical scientists for publication of original research work so as to facilitate use of research for public health action. The scope of the Journal is broad. Original research articles are invited on public health, primary health care, epidemiology, health administration, health systems, health economics, health promotion, public health nutrition, communicable and non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, occupational and environmental health, social and preventive medicine which have potential to promote evidence-based public health action. The Journal also include editorial, commentaries, perspectives, state of the art reviews, research briefs, policy and practice, reports from the field, public health classics, letters to the editor and book reviews.
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS STRESSORS, ITS EFFECTS AND COPING MECHANISMS AMONGST MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS.
Background: Stress among college students has been a topic of interest for many years. Medical students are not an exclusion from this. Stress will reduce the efficiency. Hence, to be proficient and capable to serve the society, students need to be trained in a healthy and stress-free environment, which not just focuses on academics, but also their emotional, social and physical wellbeing. Therefore, the present study was designed to know the prevalence of stress and its common stressors, effects and common methods of coping mechanism. Material and Methods: A descriptive study with universal sampling was done with participation of MBBS Students of a Medical College. An informed written consent was obtained from the study participants. A pre- validated and pretested MSSQ questionnaire in self-reporting format was used. Central tendency, measures of dispersion and test of significance like Chi square test, Kruskal Wallis test etc. were used during data analysis by Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 21. Results: It was found that of the academic related stress is the major cause of stress amongst all years. Large amount of content to be learnt and lack of time to review study material were found out to be the significant (p < 0.05). On studying the effects of stress anxiety was the most common (p < 0.05). Sleeping was found to be the most common coping mechanism while alcohol consumption and use of drugs was a least used coping strategy. Conclusion: Academic stressor is the dominant stressor and highest in final year students. Anxiety is most common effect of stress. Sleeping is most common coping mechanism. Finding the various stressors, will help the institutions to monitor and bring to action strong interventions like establishing student support group for stress management programs in Medical Colleges in order to reduce the stress amongst medical students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shini Choubey, Nisha Relwani, Prasad Waingankar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Youth Wellness Beyond Mental Health: A Multidimensional Survey in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand (2025)
Abstract Background: Youth wellness is a multidimensional construct shaped by physical, emotional, social, spiritual, intellectual, financial and environmental influences. In India, despite a favourable demographic dividend, youth wellness remains underexplored and mental health needs are often unmet. Objectives: To assess the multidimensional wellness of youth (15–29 years) in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 418 youth recruited from educational institutions using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the self-administered YUWA–JOSH (Youth Upliftment and AWareness Journey towards Optimism, Strength and Harmony) wellness questionnaire covering seven wellness domains. Data described appropriately. Results: Of the 418 young participants, the majority were female (59.1%) and between the ages of 15 to 19 years(52.8%). More than half (58.6%) came from low-income families (??30,000/month) and almost half (45.7%) were enrolled in undergraduate programs. Although 62% slept well and more than half (50.5%) exercised routinely. Youth emotional vulnerability, 31.8% of respondents reported engaging in self-harming thoughts or behaviours and 41.6% found spiritual practices meaningful. Conclusion: Youth wellness is influenced by a complex interaction of behavioural, social and economic factors. Interventions must adopt a holistic wellness framework integrating physical activity, social support, financial resilience and responsible digital engagement to strengthen youth wellness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santosh Kumar, Basavaraj Shankar Yankannavar, Sakshi Gautam, Kanika Gupta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of artificial intelligence among doctors and medical students in medical institute of Northern India - A cross sectional study”
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare through advanced diagnostic, predictive, and decision-support capabilities. However, effective adoption depends on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of medical professionals. Data from Northern India on this subject remain limited. Aim & Objective: To assess the KAP regarding AI among doctors and medical students in a tertiary care medical institute in Northern India. Settings & Design: Institution-based cross-sectional, census-method study. Material & Method: A pre-tested structured questionnaire captured demographic details and KAP data: knowledge (7 items), attitude (8 items), and practice (5 items). Incompletely filled responses and participants unavailable after two contact attempts were excluded. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings as percentages. Chi-square test examined associations between designation and KAP scores; p?<?0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the participants, 88.5% were aware of AI, 72.1% knew of machine learning, and 29.2% had received formal training. Positive attitudes were prevalent—81.6% recognized AI’s importance in medicine, and 83.2% supported its diagnostic role. Only 60.3% had applied AI in professional contexts. Knowledge and attitude scores rose significantly with designation, with professors demonstrating the highest levels (p?<?0.05); practice scores, however, were uniformly lower. Conclusion: While awareness and favorable perceptions of AI are high among healthcare professionals in Northern India, real-world application remains limited due to inadequate training and exposure. Incorporating structured AI education and practical modules into medical curricula is essential to bridge this implementation gap.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anshul Kumar, Adarsh Maurya, Anurag Verma, Shivani Binwal, Sandip Kumar, Akshay Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of periodic counselling of diet and lifestyle modification on glycaemic index in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Impact of periodic counselling of diet and lifestyle modification on glycaemic index in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Shweta Malakar1*, Dr SK Singh2, Dr Kauser Usman3 1PhD Scholar, Deptt. Of Community Medicine and Public Health, King George's Medical University UP, India. 2Professor, Deptt. Of Community Medicine and Public Health, King George's Medical University UP, India. 3Professor, Deptt of Medicine, King George's Medical University UP, India. Abstract Background- The cornerstones of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment are thought to be lifestyle modification and medical nutrition therapy. Hence, this is to bring forth the impact of lifestyle modifications through periodic counselling on HbA1c levels of the patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology- A randomised control trial with 1:1 allocation ratio was conducted in the department of medicine at a tertiary care centre of northern India. All diabetics between age 30 and 55 years were included in the study. Then all these patients were allocated randomly into control and experimental group. Participants in the intervention group as well as the control group were counselled on diet, exercise (physical activity), lifestyle modification and disease condition. The control group was asked to visit again after six months. The experimental group was asked to visit after every one month for periodic counselling up till six months. Results- Out of 110 diabetics, mean age in the control and intervention group was48.24±10.126 years and 50.87±10.540 years respectively. There was a significant difference in fasting and post prandial levels of 4th and 5th follow-up across both groups. There was a significant difference in the 6th month HbA1c values of both groups (p-0.008). The difference in HbA1c among the intervention group at baseline and both follow-ups was also statistically highly significant (P value-0.0001). Conclusion- Life style modification and diet periodic counselling and its adherence can benefit significantly on diabetes control and treatment even within 6 months of intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shweta Malakar, Prof. S K Singh, Prof. Kauser Usman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perceived Stress among Undergraduate Medical Students in Dehradun: Prevalence and Demographic Correlates
Background: Medical students experience significant stress due to the rigorous demands of their academic training. Unmanaged stress may lead to poor academic performance and deterioration of mental health. Aim & Objective: To determine the prevalence of perceived stress among undergraduate medical students and to assess its relationship with selected demographic characteristics. Settings and Design: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out among MBBS students enrolled in a private medical college in Dehradun Methods and Material: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students using self-administered questionnaires. The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) was used to assess perceived stress. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, multivariate and ordinal logistic regressions. Results: Moderate to high perceived stress was reported by 88.2% of participants. Female students had significantly higher mean PSS scores than males (21.5 ± 6.3 vs 19.4 ± 6.1, p = 0.027). Ordinal logistic regression indicated a non-significant trend toward higher stress among female students (p = 0.059). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of Indian undergraduate medical students experienced elevated levels of perceived stress, with higher stress scores observed among female students. These findings underline the need for targeted, gender-responsive mental health interventions and structured stress-management initiatives within medical training programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Ruchi Juyal, Sonai Sen, Dr Deep Shikha, Dr Vidisha Vallabh, Dr. Neha Verma, Dr. A K Srivastava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Patient Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study from Western Uttar Pradesh
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) presents a growing public health challenge globally, particularly in high-burden countries like India. Children represent a vulnerable group often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile of paediatric DR-TB patients and to evaluate their treatment outcomes as per National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to August 2024 across 10 Tuberculosis Units. A total of 160 children (?15 years) diagnosed with DR-TB and registered under NTEP were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data, drug resistance profiles, and treatment outcomes were collected via structured questionnaire and analysed with Epi Info. Results: Among the 160 patients, 53.1% were aged 11–15 years and 54.9% were male. Over half belonged to the lower middle socioeconomic class; 50.7% lived in slum areas. Fever (66.3%) was the most common symptom. Multidrug-resistant TB constituted 36.1% of cases. Treatment success (cured plus completed) reached 80%. A significant association was identified between drug resistance type and treatment outcome (p=0.001), with MDR-TB and mono-rifampicin resistance linked to poorer outcomes. Conclusion: Pediatric DR-TB predominantly affects older children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds and crowded living conditions, necessitating enhanced diagnostics, individualized treatment, and strengthened support systems to improve outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ravi Bandhu; Sanjeev Kumar; Seema Jain, Ganesh Singh, Neelam S. Gautam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Do food labels shape food choices? Insights from Medical Students of a medical college in western India
Background: Food labels are a simple yet powerful tool to guide healthier food choices. While awareness of labels is increasing, their consistent use remains limited, particularly among young adults who are at risk of adopting unhealthy dietary behaviours that contribute to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Objectives: This study aimed to (1) assess awareness regarding nutrition/food labels among medical students and (2) examine the impact of this awareness on their food and snack choices. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 172 MBBS students from a university medical college in Western India, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested, validated questionnaire covering label awareness, usage practices, and snacking behaviour. Descriptive statistics and proportions were calculated using IBM SPSS 25. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Results: Awareness of basic label components such as expiry date (100%), vegetarian/non-vegetarian logo (100%), and FSSAI mark (92%) was high. However, awareness of specialized logos like fortified food (49%) and Jaivik Bharat (23%) was limited. While 75% reported that reading labels influenced their food choices, only 17% regularly read them. Key barriers included lack of time (59%), reliance on brand trust (60%), and difficulty understanding labels (8%). Snacking was guided mainly by taste (66%) and brand (76%), with minimal influence from celebrity endorsements (11%). Conclusion: Although medical students demonstrated high awareness of food labels, their practical use was inconsistent. Strengthening label literacy through education, clearer labelling standards, and supportive public health initiatives is essential to bridge this knowledge–practice gap and reduce diet-related NCD risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khushi Patel, Shashwat Nagar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study on knowledge, attitude and consumption behaviour regarding dietary Trans fats and estimation of the Trans fat levels in commonly consumed fried street foods in XXXX city.
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are identified as the foremost cause of death globally. Several major risk factors contribute to these diseases, including unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity and using tobacco and alcohol. The use of trans fats has risen considerably in recent years. This increase is largely due to them being generally less expensive than healthier alternatives. Objectives: To study the knowledge, attitude and consumption behaviour of trans-fats among residents of XXXX city To estimate the amount of trans fats in top 5 commonly consumed fried foods in the district. Methods: Community based observational cross-sectional study at District Hospital/ Urban Health and Training Centre (UHTC) and Rural Health training centre (RHTC) of Government Medical College XXX .Data on various socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitude and consumption behaviour about dietary trans fats was documented. The analysis of trans fat in food items was done at XXXX laboratory. Results: A total of 409 participants were enrolled for the study.70.66% (289) participants reported being unaware of trans fats, and 68.9% (282) did not know the difference between natural and artificial trans fats. 50% of the participants were unaware of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. 46% (188) stated they never checked labels for trans fat content on packaged food items. Despite the lack of awareness, 77% (315) expressed a willingness to reduce their trans fat intake, and 92.7% (379) agreed to adopt dietary changes to do so. Conclusion. There is a clear need to increase public awareness regarding trans fats, especially in light of the rising burden of non-communicable diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yachana Choudhary, Latikanath Sinha, Mr Ashish Pant, Sanjay Choudhary, Daljeet Kaur, Mr Parikshit Singh Ashiya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Menstruation Related Practices and their Determinants Among School going Adolescent Girls of Urban Area of District Ghaziabad
Aim: To assess menstrual hygiene practices among school going adolescent girls and determine their association with socio demographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school going adolescent girls in urban areas of district Ghaziabad, 140 adolescent girls were interviewed. A pre-designed, semi-structured and validated questionnaire was used to collect data and then participants were subjected to counselling in the form of an awareness session. Data was collected and cleaned in MS EXCEL and statistical analysis was done using appropriate statistical methods. Results: Majority of the participants (60%) belonged to the age group of 16–18 years. Among the participants 82.9% used sanitary pads and the remaining used cloth. Overall, 51.4% of the girls changed their absorbents 2–3 times daily. 57.9% of girls practiced genital hygiene and 60.7% of girls reported changing undergarments daily. Significant associations were observed between age, class, and religion with various hygiene practices (p < 0.05), while socio-economic status showed no significant association. School absenteeism during menstruation was reported by 84.3% girls, and 75% preferred to stay indoors during this time. Despite good awareness, several traditional restrictions and poor hygiene practices were prevalent. Conclusion: Although most adolescent girls use sanitary pads, significant gaps in hygiene practices and traditional restrictions persist. Menstrual hygiene practices are influenced by age, class and religion. These ongoing taboos and poor practices highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions. Strengthening education, encouraging open discussion, and implementing focused interventions are essential for improving menstrual health among adolescent girls.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidhi Arora, Gajendra Kumar Gupta, Syed Hasan Nawaz Zaidi, Amod Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hospital Noise Pollution in a Tertiary Hill-State Hospital: A Spatio-Temporal Assessment
Background: Hospitals are sensitive acoustic environments where excessive noise can adversely affect patient recovery and staff performance. Despite global recommendations by the WHO and USEPA to maintain hospital noise levels within 30-45 dB(A), evidence suggests that actual sound levels often exceed these thresholds- including developing and geographically constrained regions like Uttarakhand. Objectives: This study aims to measure and analyze noise levels across key functional zones of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Uttarakhand to evaluate temporal variation over a two-week period and provide actionable, policy-based recommendations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a calibrated digital sound level meter to measure LAeq values across five hospital zones (ICU, OPD, General Ward, Administrative, Utility) during both day and night shifts, over two consecutive weeks. Statistical tests were applied to assess zone-wise and temporal differences in noise exposure. Results: All measured zones exceeded WHO and USEPA noise thresholds. The OPD recorded the highest LAeq values (?74 dB), followed by the General Ward and Utility Area. Even administrative zones breached the 45 dB limit. Nighttime levels were marginally lower but consistently above permissible standards. Major noise sources included human activity, medical equipment, and external traffic. Conclusion: The findings confirm widespread acoustic non-compliance across both clinical and non-clinical zones. This study highlights the urgent need for hospital administrators, policymakers and local authorities- particularly in hill-state contexts- to institutionalize acoustic zoning, enforce noise audit protocols, and integrate environmental noise standards into accreditation frameworks and community infrastructure planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shweta Samant, Som Aditya Juyal, Dinesh Chandra Joshi, Krishna Bisht, Ravinder Singh Saini, Neha Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of Non-communicable diseases risk factors among school-going adolescents – A Government and Private school variation
Abstract Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of mortality globally, with risk factors often originating during adolescence. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of these risk factors among school-going adolescents is crucial for early intervention. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of lifestyle-associated NCD risk factors among apparently healthy adolescents in urban Meerut and to compare these between government and private school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adolescents aged 10–19 years, selected through multistage random sampling from one government and one private secondary school. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire, followed by anthropometric measurements. Analysis was performed using CDC Epi Info™ version 7.2.3.1, with Chi-square tests applied; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Only 2.25% of participants had no identifiable NCD risk factor, while 46.25% had two and 34% had three or more. Daily vegetable intake was significantly higher in government school students, whereas daily fruit and fast food consumption were higher in private school students. Adequate physical activity (>60 min/day) was more prevalent in government schools, while alcohol consumption was significantly higher among government school adolescents. No significant differences were found in screen time, smoking, or smokeless tobacco use. Overall, 20.25% of adolescents were overweight/obese, with higher prevalence in private schools. Conclusion: Multiple lifestyle-related NCD risk factors are highly prevalent among adolescents, with notable variations between government and private schools. School- and community-based interventions focusing on diet, physical activity, and substance use prevention are essential to curb the future burden of NCDs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tribhuvan Raghav, Seema Jain, Tanveer Bano, Ganesh Singh, Sanjeev Kumar, Neelam Gautam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Metabolic Syndrome and Rotational Shift Work Among Female Nurses: Assessing Occupational Health Risks
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors that elevate the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Nurses engaged in rotational shift work may face an increased risk due to circadian disruption and workplace stressors. This study assessed the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors among female nurses working rotational shifts at a tertiary public hospital in Western India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 71 randomly selected female nurses aged 21–59 years, each with at least two years of shift work experience. MetS was diagnosed using modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Data included anthropometric measurements, biochemical profiles, blood pressure, and perceived stress scores using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 32.4%. Significant associations were found with age (p = 0.04), total work experience (p = 0.01), frequency of night shifts (p = 0.02), and years of rotational shift duty (p < 0.001). The most prevalent MetS components were low HDL (95.8%) and elevated random blood sugar (64.8%). Logistic regression identified years of rotational shift duty as a significant predictor of MetS (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.02–1.86; p = 0.047). Perceived stress levels were not significantly associated with MetS. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MetS was observed among female shift-working nurses. Interventions such as optimized shift scheduling and early metabolic screening are recommended. Further research with a control group is needed to establish causal relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suman Thakker, Ananya Kar, Ankit Sheth http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quarterly Patterns and Delivery-Type Differences in Infant Diarrheal Disease: A Survival Analysis in India
Background: Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five, with infants particularly vulnerable during their first year of life. Age-related variations and biological factors such as delivery type may influence diarrheal risk, yet evidence from rural India is limited. Objective: To examine quarterly patterns of diarrheal morbidity in infancy and assess whether delivery mode modifies the risk during the first year of life. Material and methods: A prospective community-based cohort study was conducted in rural Varanasi, India, from November 2022 to February 2024. A total of 150 infants were enrolled at birth and followed for one year through structured quarterly assessments. Diarrhea incidence rates of were calculated, and survival probabilities were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with Poisson regression were applied to evaluate associations between delivery type, infant age, and diarrhea incidence. Results: The cohort experienced an average of 2.92 diarrheal episodes per child-year. Incidence was lowest during the first quarter (0-3 months) but rose sharply after six months, peaking at 0.43 episodes per child-month in the eighth month. GEE analysis revealed a significant age-dependent increase in diarrheal risk: OR = 1.58 (95% CI: 1.12-2.23) for 4-6 months, OR = 3.13 (95% CI: 2.23-4.40) for 7-9 months, and OR = 2.67 (95% CI: 1.85-3.87) for 10-12 months, compared with 0-3 months. Delivery mode was not significantly associated with diarrhea incidence (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.72-1.34, p = 0.896). Conclusion: Diarrheal morbidity in infancy is strongly age-dependent, coinciding with the introduction of complementary feeding. Mode of delivery did not influence diarrheal incidence in this high-exposure rural setting, suggesting that environmental and behavioral factors outweigh delivery-related biological differences. Strengthening exclusive breastfeeding promotion, safe complementary feeding practices, and WASH interventions is essential to reduce the diarrheal burden in early childhood.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayub Khan, Hari Shankar, Dhananjay Kumar Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Parental bonding in development of Personality traits: A cross-sectional study among medical undergraduates of Jammu”
Background: Many contemporary personality psychologists believe that disproportionate involvement from parents can be detrimental for their child’s personality. A child with a secure parental bonding learns to tackle problems,regulate emotions and builds optimistic behaviour. Aim & Objective: This study aimed to assess the different personality traits among medical undergraduates, to study the association of various socio-demographic and other family related variables with the personality traits, and to assess the correlation between parental bonding and personality Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the Phase 1&2 undergraduate medical students of GMC Jammu. Methods and Material: The personality traits were measured by the Big five inventory and parental bonding was measured by Parental bonding instrument. Statistical analysis used: Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Tests of significance used were student t-test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation test and a p value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: A total of 260 medical undergraduates constituted the study population. Mean age was 19.51±1.46 years. Mean (± SD) scores for openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism were (37.97±5.44),(31.85±4.49),(27.58± 4.21),(31.41±3.60) & (26.49±3.36) respectively. Among all the variables studied, father’s education was significantly associated with all the personality traits.There is a direct and significant co-relation between conscientiousness and extraversion traits of personality with mother’s care, mother’s over protection and father’s care. Conclusions: Emphasis must be paid to improve the parental bonding with their children so as to promote their overall development, confidence, self-esteem and socialization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amani Ab Majeed Sofi, Chaitanya Kailu, Aamir Rashid, Rashmi Kumari, Rajiv Kumar Gupta, Hemaal Koul http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban-Rural Disparities in Childhood Immunization Coverage: Evidence from Jaipur, India
Introduction: Childhood immunization coverage in India has improved nationally, yet urban-rural disparities persist, particularly in rapidly urbanizing states such as Rajasthan. Urban slum populations often face significant barriers, including limited mobility, restricted access to essential services, and vaccine hesitancy. Objective: To assess and compare the full immunization coverage among children aged 6-23 months in urban and rural areas of Jaipur district, Rajasthan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to March 2024 in the rural (Dadiya) and urban (Jhalana) field practice areas of RUHS College of Medical Sciences, Jaipur. A sample of 711 children aged 6–23 months was selected using the WHO 30×7 cluster sampling method. Immunization status was verified using vaccination cards and caregiver history. Data were analyzed using SPSS v22.0 with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: Full immunization coverage (FIC) was significantly lower in urban areas (82.0%, 95% CI: 77.2–86.1%) compared to rural areas (92.3%, 95% CI: 89.5–94.5%) (p<0.001). Dose-specific analysis revealed a higher dropout rate for later vaccines, including Pentavalent 3 (urban 81.7% vs. rural 91.8%) and Measles (urban 85.0% vs. rural 93.2%). Conclusions: Rural Rajasthan’s ASHA-led model achieved near-universal FIC, whereas urban slums experienced systemic barriers leading to higher dropout rates for later doses. Targeted interventions, such as slum-focused microplans, extended service hours, and urban community health workers, are urgently needed to reduce disparities.
Copyright (c) 2026 S P Sharma, Mahendra Badhala, Anamika Tomar, Vaseem Naheed Baig http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Development and Validation of a YUWA JOSH Questionnaire among Youth of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
Abstract Background: Youth (15–24 years) represent a vital demographic facing multifaceted challenges affecting holistic wellness. Existing tools have limited cultural adaptation for Indian youth and often lack comprehensive multidimensional approach. AIM : This study aims to develop and validate the YUWA JOSH Questionnaire (Version 1.0), a culturally relevant instrument assessing holistic wellness among youth of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Methods: The Questionnaire was developed based on multidimensional wellness framework adapted for the Indian context through expert consultation. The initial 38-item questionnaire underwent content validation by a panel of experts in psychology, public health, and education. Data were collected from 283 youth aged 15–24 years from schools and colleges. “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation” identified the underlying factor structure. Internal consistency was assessed by “Cronbach’s alpha”. “Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)” evaluated model fit. Results: EFA revealed a four-factor solution accounting for 39.4% of the total variance, representing Interpersonal & Academic Pressure, Emotional Distress, Substance Use Behaviors, and Sleep & Physical Exercise domains. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.59 to 0.86 across factors, indicating acceptable to good reliability. CFA demonstrated good model fit on the RMSEA index (0.055, 90% CI: 0.048–0.062), though CFI (0.86) and TLI (0.845) suggested potential areas for refinement. Conclusion: The YUWA JOSH questionnaire is a reliable multidimensional instrument capturing key domains relevant to Indian youth. Building upon this foundational work, the authors plan to incorporate Financial Wellness domain and conduct subsequent validation studies to enhance the questionnaire’s scope and psychometric robustness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santosh Kumar, Pathak Ekta, Bhawana Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Academic burnout and coping: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study among undergraduate students of a medical college in western Uttar Pradesh
Background: Academic burnout is a significant concern in undergraduate medical students due to the demanding nature of their coursework, clinical responsibilities, and the pressure to excel in their studies. Medical students, in particular, are believed to be more stressed and burnt out than their non-medical peers. Academic burnout can affect medical students’ academic performance and psychological well-being. Coping strategies are essential for students to manage stress and attempts are being made to control and mitigate the same. Aim & Objective: 1) To assess the prevalence of academic burnout among undergraduate medical students; 2) To find out coping mechanisms adopted by the students. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional anonymous survey, medical students were recruited from four professional MBBS groups. Methods and Material: Based on prevailing prevalence of burnout, sample size calculation was done, and 220 completed questionnaires were collected and included in analysis. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and Brief COPE questionnaire were used. Sociodemographic profile was assessed by semi-structured proforma. Statistical analysis used: Jamovi (2.3.28) software and Microsoft Excel. Results: High emotional exhaustion was present in nearly 35% of the students while over 65% of them reported low professional efficacy. However, majority of them practiced active coping. Conclusions: A high emotional exhaustion was present in nearly 35% of the students while over 65% of them reported low professional efficacy. However, majority of them practiced active coping.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shubhali Batra, Tanveer Bano, Sanjeev Kumar, Ganesh Singh, Neelam S Gautam, Seema Jain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing Molecular Biomarkers and Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: A Clinical Exploration
Aim: The study aims to investigate the prevalence of molecular subtypes and key biomarkers of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients from the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. It also seeks to identify the most common molecular subtype and assess its association with demographic and clinical factors such as age, gender, tumor size, pathological diagnosis, and tumor grading. Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with its incidence influenced by genetic, molecular, and environmental factors. Understanding the distribution of molecular subtypes and biomarkers can aid in the development of targeted therapies and screening programs. This study focuses on the CRC landscape in the Asir region, a specific population in Saudi Arabia, where region-specific data on molecular subtypes remain limited. Methods: A retrospective, observational, and analytical study was conducted at Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, spanning from January 2021 to December 2024. The study involved 187 Saudi colorectal cancer patients who received treatment at the hospital during this period. Clinical and demographic data, including patient age, gender, tumor characteristics, and molecular subtype classification, were extracted and analyzed to identify potential associations. Results: The findings revealed a significant association between gender and the occurrence of malignant tumors (P = 0.028), with a higher prevalence in males compared to females. However, there was no statistically significant link between gender and the occurrence of polyps (P = 0.276). The data also indicated that 44.92% of colorectal cancer cases occurred in individuals aged over 50 years, highlighting an increased risk for this age group. Conclusion: The study concludes that colorectal cancer is more prevalent in males, particularly in those aged over 50 years. The insights into the relationship between molecular subtypes and demographic factors may inform screening programs and early detection strategies. These findings can contribute to improved patient care and public health initiatives in the Asir region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saeed Mohammad Alnujami, Majed S Al Fayi, Abdullah M. Alshahrani, Irfan Ahmad, Mohammad Mahtab Alam, Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif, Hatem Mohammed A Asiri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Improving Transfusion Safety Through Enhanced Documentation: An Examination of Organizational Practices in a Tertiary Care Hospital Blood Bank in New Delhi
Background: Blood transfusion is a vital therapeutic intervention, but errors in documentation compromise patient safety. Robust record-keeping and haemovigilance are essential for preventing transfusion-related complications. This study assessed organizational practices, documentation quality, and predictors of transfusion safety in a tertiary care blood bank in New Delhi. Methods: A descriptive, observational study was conducted at the Blood Bank of Safdarjung Hospital between January and September 2021. Data were collected through record reviews, structured checklists, and interviews with healthcare staff and transfusion recipients. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify associations and predictors of documentation completeness and adverse reaction reporting. Results: A total of 25,050 blood donations and 43,679 component issues were evaluated, along with 31 transfusion reactions and 30 donor adverse events. Documentation completeness was significantly higher among doctors compared to nurses and technicians (p=0.045). Technicians were less likely to complete documentation (AOR=0.42, p=0.030), while haemovigilance-trained staff were over three times more likely to do so (AOR=3.20, p=0.005). Platelet transfusions had a higher rate of adverse reactions compared to RBCs and FFP (p=0.023). Patient satisfaction was greater when risks were explained (p=0.017) and lower among those experiencing adverse reactions (p=0.034). Adverse reaction reporting was more likely among trained staff (AOR=2.70, p=0.030) and during elective transfusions (AOR=1.95, p=0.040). Conclusion: Despite strong infrastructure and internal documentation, gaps in staff training, external haemovigilance reporting, and adherence to protocols persist. Structured training, digital reporting, and improved interdepartmental coordination are critical to strengthening transfusion safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishant Kumar, Manish Chaturvedi, Ravi Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Cross-sectional study to assess Morbidity patterns among Primary school children in Urban and Rural areas of District Gautam Buddha Nagar.
Introduction: Morbidity among primary school children is a significant public health concern, with patterns varying across urban and rural settings due to socio-economic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Objectives: To assess and compare the prevalence and patterns of morbidities among primary school-going children in urban and rural areas of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2024 in four randomly selected government primary schools—two each from urban and rural areas. All students from classes I–V present on the day of the health camp, with parental consent, were examined. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and morbidity patterns were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v22.0. Results: Of 303 participants (119 rural, 184 urban), overall morbidity prevalence was high in both groups (80.67% rural; 83.70% urban). Gastrointestinal (48.73%) and ocular morbidities (55.46%) were significantly more prevalent among rural primary school children, whereas dental (36.95%) and ear morbidities (34.23%) were more commonly observed in their urban counterparts. Respiratory, throat, nose morbidities, and micronutrient deficiencies showed no significant differences. Nutritional assessment revealed a higher Prevalence of underweight (20.16%) and stunting (46.21%) in rural children, indicating chronic nutritional deprivation Conclusion: The study highlights distinct morbidity profiles between rural and urban primary school children, underscoring the need for tailored school health programs focusing on preventable conditions such as ocular, dental, gastrointestinal, and nutritional problems. Keywords: MORBIDITY PATTERNS, PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN, RURAL, URBAN.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Rahul Chaudhary, Dr. Neha Tyagi, Dr. Amit Singh Pawaiya, Dr. Anshu Singh, Dr. Harsh Mahajan, Dr. Shalini Srivastava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quality of Life Assessment in Urban Diabetics of Meerut: A Physical and Mental Health Perspective
Background: Diabetes is linked to lifestyle and economic changes and significantly impacts the quality of life across physical, mental, and social domains. Aims & Objective: The study was conducted to assess the quality of life among type 2 diabetic adults in urban Meerut. Settings and Design: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-year period among adults aged above 18 years with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus residing in the urban areas of Meerut City. Methods and Material: A total of 350 adults with Type 2 Diabetes were selected using systematic random sampling from a line list of known cases. Data on socio-demographics and quality of life were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire and the SF-36 tool. Statistical analysis used: Data were analyzed using Epi Info and Jamovi Results: The study found that increasing age, lower socioeconomic status, and lower educational attainment were significantly associated with poorer Quality of Life (QoL) scores among Type 2 diabetic patients in all domains. Conclusions: Quality of Life (QoL) in diabetics is deeply influenced by age, education, and socioeconomic status, with 57.4% of participants reporting good QoL. The study recommends a holistic approach to improve QoL in diabetics, combining medical care with lifestyle changes, stress management, and mental health support. Key-words: Quality of Life, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Community-based Study, Mental Health
Copyright (c) 2025 Kraty Singh, Seema Jain, Sanjeev Kumar, Ganesh Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Demographic and dietary predictors of abdominal obesity among adults in Jabalpur district – A cross-sectional study
Abstract Abdominal obesity is a major public health concern associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. It is a more reliable predictor of metabolic risk than general obesity measured by BMI. With increasing urbanization and dietary transitions, India is witnessing a rise in abdominal obesity, yet region-specific data, especially from central India, remains limited. Objectives: To assess the influence of socio-demographic and dietary factors on abdominal obesity among adults in the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2024 in rural areas of Jabalpur district. A total of 350 adults (aged >18 years) were selected using simple random sampling from seven rural blocks. Data on socio-demographic variables and dietary intake (via Food Frequency Questionnaire) were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured tool. Abdominal obesity was defined using WHO Asia-Pacific criteria. Data was analysed using SPSS including multi-variate analysis. Results: Abdominal obesity was present in 40% of participants. It was more prevalent among individuals aged 41–50 years and >50 years (p = 0.01), females (p = 0.03), unskilled workers and professionals (p = 0.01), and those with intermediate and graduate education (p = 0.039). Upper socioeconomic class showed the highest prevalence (p = 0.001). Higher frequency of fresh fruit intake and fast-food consumption was associated with abdominal obesity (p = 0.011 and p = 0.009, respectively). Logistic regression revealed that frequent intake of fresh vegetables (OR = 0.743, p = 0.03) was protective, while frequent intake of sweets significantly increased the risk (OR = 2.802, p = 0.019). Conclusion: The study revealed a high burden of abdominal obesity in rural Jabalpur, with significant association with age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and diet. The findings emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions promoting healthy dietary practices and physical activity. Region-specific data such as this is crucial for designing localized strategies to curb the growing epidemic of abdominal obesity and associated non-communicable diseases. Keywords: Abdominal obesity, dietary predictors, socio-demographic factors, non-communicable diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manas Nigam, Dr Rajesh tiwari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
“An epidemiological cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of post-menopausal symptoms and assess the health seeking behaviour amongst the post-menopausal women aged 46-60 years in rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh”
Abstract: Background: Menopause is one of the most significant phases in the life of a woman which brings about various vasomotor, psychosocial and physical symptoms known as postmenopausal symptoms. Objectives: The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of the post-menopausal symptoms and to assess the health seeking behavior amongst the post-menopausal women. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done from March 2025 to June 2025 in rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The study participants who were between the age group of 46-60 years and who met the inclusion criteria were selected by the purposive sampling method for the study. Post-menopausal symptoms were assessed by Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL). Result: Out of the total of 318 study participants, 34.9% were found to have vasomotor symptoms, 26.7% of the study participants experienced psychosocial symptoms and 53.1% of the study participants had physical symptoms. Health seeking behavior for the post-menopausal symptoms was found in 38.7% of the study participants. On studying the association for vasomotor symptoms, statistical association was seen with age group, marital status, education, and menopause duration, while for the psychosocial symptoms, the association was seen with age group and for the physical symptoms the association was found with age group, education, co-morbidities, menopause duration and the health seeking behavior. Conclusion: The present findings reveal that post-menopausal symptoms are not an uncommon problem in the post-menopausal women, and further studies are needed in this regard. Key words: Post-menopausal women, post-menopausal symptoms, Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Md Meraj Gohar, Dr. Kabita Barua, Dr. Harsh Mahajan, Dr. Shalini Srivastava, Sakshi Kumari, Saumya Setya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS IN NEONATES
Background: Healthcare-associated infections occur during the process of care in a healthcare facility, and manifest 48 hours after admission. These vary widely in demographic characteristics, clinical and microbiological profile. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is a critical issue in healthcare. Objective: To assess the spectrum of different types of healthcare associated infections in neonates. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out from November 2023 to October 2024 at a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi. The study population consisted of neonates admitted in hospital and developing HAIs. Primary data was collected by interviewing the caregivers of neonates and medical records were reviewed to collect secondary information. Results: The study found that only three types of HAIs (BSI, VAP and CAUTI) were prevalent in neonates. The major risk factors were low birth weight, pre-term births, delivery by LSCS, multiple births, history of previous hospitalisation and underlying co-morbidities. Clinical presentation varied for each type of infection. The microbial profile showed a high prevalence of gram-negative organisms. Maximum anti-microbial resistance was encountered to penicillins and fluoroquinolones. Conclusion: BSI and VAP were the most common types of HAIs, with several risk factors that were significantly associated with infection. Significant anti-microbial resistance was found.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kriti Chauhan, Dr. Sherin Raj , Dr. Rajesh Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE SPECTRUM OF PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES
Background: A small percentage of all diabetes cases are caused Type 1 diabetes (T1D), which impacts millions of individuals worldwide. While managing blood sugar is crucial, psychological and social factors also play a key role. Many with T1D face stress, anxiety and depression, which impact disease management. Family support, stigma and healthcare access further influence their experiences. Despite medical advances, understanding how these factors interact and impact overall health and quality of life remains limited. Objectives: To evaluate the combined impact of physiological, psychological, and social factors affecting the health and quality of life of individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Methods: An observational study was conducted with 82 individuals living with T1D. Data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires to gather socio-demographic information, physical, anthropometric, and laboratory assessments (FBS, HbA1c) to evaluate health status and diabetes control. Psychological well-being was assessed using an anxiety scale and questionnaires on personal experiences with T1D. Social factors such as family support, healthcare access, treatment adherence, and diabetes quality of life were assessed alongside dietary practices and physical activity levels. Results: On analysis the mean age of the patients found was 21.96±2.003 years (Males > females), majority belonging to middle class families (Rural>Urban). 33 (40.24%) patients had a family history of T2D with mean BMI of 20.1±1.94. The mean age of T1D onset diagnosed was 18.32±1.46 years, with gradual onset often presenting as hypoglycemic attacks. 80 (97.56%) patients were on insulin, showing good adherence and glycaemic control (mean HbA1c 7.05±0.47, FBS 107.02±15.38). Total 56 (68.29%) T1D patients were anxious about the condition and maintaining the timing of the Insulin administration and hypoglycaemia. Patients were also anxious about the long term complications and adherence to the treatment. Family support was strong, but rural healthcare access was challenging. The average Quality of Life (QoL) score was 67.25±12.88, with scores lower in those with poor economic conditions, inadequate dietary practices and low physical activity. Patients without complications had higher QoL, while complications and comorbidities significantly reduced it. There was a statistically significant correlation between QoL and factors like HbA1c, diabetes duration, and the number and type of complications. Conclusion: This study highlights the interconnected challenges faced by individuals with Type 1 diabetes. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that considers physical, psychological, and social factors. By addressing these areas, healthcare providers can improve both the management and quality of life for people living with T1D.
Copyright (c) 2026 SUBHAJIT GIRI, Praveen Ganganahalli, Rekha Udgiri , Shailaja S. Patil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comparative study in Morbidity profile and treatment seeking behaviour in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Background: Morbidity in the ageing population is progressively increasing due to longer life expectancy, accumulation of cellular damage, loss of adaptive response and rising susceptibility to communicable and non-communicable diseases, especially in urban settings. treatment-seeking behaviour in the elderly is influenced by various factors such as age, financial status, comorbidities, accessibility, and attitudes of healthcare providers, with many older adults showing reluctance to seek medical care. Objectives: To assess the association between morbidity and biosocial profile. To assess the relationship among treatment seeking behaviour and sociodemographic characteristic. Methods: A total of 600 participants were surveyed using multistage random sampling. Result: The study revealed a high prevalence of morbidities, notably cataract (55.3%) and hypertension (42.0%), increasing morbidity significantly with age and lower socioeconomic status. Only 19.5% participants are medically insured. Treatment was sought by 72.7% of participants and higher in female as compare to male participants, with decreasing trends in older age groups. Conclusion: The findings highlight significant disparities based on age, gender, and socioeconomic factors, improved geriatric healthcare, expanded insurance coverage, and enhanced awareness of government health care schemes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shiv Ratan, Seema Nigam, Umesh Kumar Verma, Deepak Kumar Maurya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geographic, Health-System and Socioeconomic Drivers of MDR-TB Burden in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a critical public health challenge in India, despite notable declines in TB incidence and mortality under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP). Mountainous districts such as Mandi in Himachal Pradesh face amplified barriers to timely diagnosis and treatment. This study analyzes block-wise MDR-TB characteristics to identify diagnostic delays, treatment gaps, resistance patterns and socioeconomic factors shaping outcomes. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted using secondary data from all 28 Designated Microscopy Centres (DMCs) in District Mandi during 2018–19. Data on institutional inputs, diagnostic infrastructure, sputum testing, drug-resistance profiles, treatment initiation timelines, geographic accessibility, clinical complaints, and sociodemographic variables were analysed descriptively across blocks. Results: The district reported 919 sputum-positive TB cases and notable gaps in laboratory capacity, with only 35.7% of DMCs equipped with LED microscopes. Mean distance to the nearest CBNAAT facility was 50.75 km, reaching 150 km in remote blocks. Primary MDR-TB accounted for 11–100% of cases, and XDR-TB was concentrated in Bagsiad (36.4%). Diagnostic delays >7 days ranged from 22.2% to 78.6%, particularly high in Ratti. Treatment initiation within 7 days varied widely (12.5–87.5%). Significant socioeconomic vulnerabilities were observed, including unemployment post-diagnosis (up to 75%), overcrowding (20–57.1%), and presence of concurrent TB cases within families and communities. Patients often travelled >100 km for diagnosis and specialist care, prioritizing perceived quality over proximity. Conclusion: MDR-TB control in Mandi district is challenged by geographic inaccessibility, limited diagnostic capacity, socioeconomic distress and substantial block-level disparities. Strengthening decentralised molecular diagnostics, ensuring rapid treatment initiation, improving transport and social support, and targeting high-burden blocks are critical for aligning district performance with India’s End TB goal.
Copyright (c) 2026 DR AKSHAY MINHAS, DR MITASHA SINGH, DR SHWETA GOSWAMI, DR NARESH JEENGAR http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An epidemiological study of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices and its association with malnutrition among children aged 6-24 months in rural area of the District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.
Background: Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices are critical for ensuring optimal growth and nutrition in early childhood. Inadequate IYCF contributes significantly to childhood malnutrition and under-five mortality. Aim & Objective: To assess IYCF practices and to find its association with malnutrition among children aged 6–24 months in rural Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 247 mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months. Data was collected through a house-to-house survey using a semi-structured WHO-based IYCF questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22, with a p-value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Only 22.3% of participants followed optimal IYCF practices. The prevalence of malnutrition was 23.4%, with stunting (52.5%) being the most common form. A statistically significant association (p <0.05) was found between optimal IYCF practices and malnutrition. Children meeting minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency, and acceptable diet criteria had notably lower malnutrition rates. Conclusion: The study highlights the low prevalence of optimal IYCF practices and their significant protective effect against malnutrition. Strengthening maternal education and promoting proper feeding practices are crucial for reducing child malnutrition in rural communities. Key Words: IYCF, Malnutrition, MDD, MMF, MAD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sachin K Nagar, Dr. Amit Singh Pawaiya, Dr. Neha Tyagi, Meraj Gohar, Dr. Shalini Srivastava, Dr. Harsh Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mathematical models and their Policy implications on COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A narrative review
The emergence of the novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 led to unprecedented global health challenges. The COVID-19 outbreak prompted significant transformation and adaptation in healthcare systems worldwide. The foundation for administrative responses came primarily from diverse modeling and forecasting approaches that informed government interventions, including lockdowns and preventive strategies such as physical distancing. This resulted in mathematical modeling gaining extraordinary prominence. Epidemiological experts have demonstrated exceptional dedication while facing considerable uncertainty, generating crucial understanding about SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns to inform public health strategies. The abundance of information, coupled with discrepancies among various mathematical modeling reports, necessitates a thorough yet focused examination of COVID-19 mathematical modeling approaches to address existing doubts. Limited literature exists examining mathematical modeling applications and their influence during India's COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, this analysis aims to examine various mathematical modeling approaches employed in India during COVID-19, addressing underlying assumptions, their influence on policy decisions, and inherent model constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Kumar Mehto, Parmeshwar Satpathy, Pragya Chand , Deepak Ranjan Bhol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smartwatches as Assistive Technology: Evidence and Future Directions
Watches have evolved from simple timekeeping devices to essential aids in daily living. Thanks to rapid technological advancements, they now offer a wide range of features that enhance independence and quality of life. In the U.S., adoption of wearable devices has risen significantly—recent data from the Health Information National Trends Survey found that almost one in three adults (about 33%) now uses a wearable device such as a smartwatch or fitness tracker.This review explores how smartwatches contribute to independent living and improved quality of life, especially for individuals with functional impairments. Equipped with biosensors, wireless connectivity, and intelligent algorithms, smartwatches may function as wearable assistive devices, providing real-time health monitoring, activity tracking, emergency alerts, and cognitive reminders. Smartwatches support various functions, including mental health monitoring, medication adherence, fall detection, and improved environmental awareness for individuals with sensory impairments. For children and older adults, they offer GPS tracking, help maintain connection with caregivers, and assist in daily routines through reminders and health monitoring features. These features make smartwatches particularly valuable for individuals with functional impairments, enhancing safety, independence, and overall well-being. Despite ongoing challenges such as limited battery life, sensor accuracy, and data security concerns, smartwatches hold significant promise as assistive technologies. Future developments are likely to bring more personalized support through artificial intelligence, improved sensor integration, and stronger clinical and regulatory validation. These advancements could help position smartwatches as integral components of the assistive technology ecosystem, offering accessible and user-friendly solutions that promote independence, safety, and effective health management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manu Sharma; Salaj Rana, Suresh Reddy kancharla, Vishnu VY, Sandeep Singh, Suman Badhal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gender based Differences in Tobacco Cessation initiatives: A Bibliometric Review Analysis
Introduction As per the Global Action to end smoking report in 2022, India had 253 million tobacco users, ranking second globally. According to NFHS-5 (2019-21), tobacco use was highest among males aged 50-64 (52.8%). Men and women exhibited similar quit attempts, but women were 31% less likely to succeed due to factors like post-cessation weight gain and Varenicline response differences. This study assesses global research and academic literature trends on gender differences in tobacco cessation. Methods Bibliographic data were collected from PubMed using search terms related to tobacco cessation and gender differences. 483 publications were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.19 and RStudio 4.4.0. Key data included publication years, authors, country, keywords, and citation count. Co-authorship and keyword networks were visualized to identify key themes and collaborations. Results :Publication growth was slow until 2006 but rose sharply from 2012 onward, peaking between 2018-2022 before declining in 2023-24. The USA and Canada led research output, with the University of Michigan and University of California as top contributors. “Tobacco use cessation devices” gained prominence from 2015-2021, while “smoking cessation” and “tobacco products” were terms frequently used from 2017-2022. Early studies (2008-2010) were largely USA- and Canada-focused but from 2018 multiple studies emphasized genetic and socioeconomic factors influencing quit attempts among both genders. Conclusion :This bibliometric analysis highlights research trends in tobacco cessation, emphasizing the need for intervention-focused studies to address gender disparities globally. While descriptive studies remain valuable, intervention research is needed to bridge gender gaps in tobacco cessation outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Latika Nath Sinha, Vijay Kumar, Laxmikant Purohit, Sanjay Choudhary, Sonu Goel, Sakshi Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dairy Product Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Prevention: An updated Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies from 2020-2025
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Dietary factors, particularly dairy consumption, have been implicated in CRC prevention. This updated systematic review analyzed recent observational studies (2020–2025) to evaluate the association between dairy intake and CRC risk reduction. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria encompassed cohort and case-control studies assessing dairy product consumption and its protective impact on CRC incidence. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using a random- effects model, and heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q-test and the I² statistic. Results: From an initial 571 studies, 12 met the inclusion criteria, comprising 821,865 participants (813703 from cohort studies and 8,162 from case-control studies). Overall, dairy consumption was associated with a 25% reduced CRC risk (OR: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.17, I² = 87.1%, p < 0.0001). Cohort studies demonstrated an 11% risk reduction (RR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85–0.94, I² = 68.2%) when dairy products are used by the population for a longer time (9 years to 25 years). While, case-control studies reported a 52% reduction (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.35–0.65, I² = 87.9%) in severity and mortality among newly diagnosed CRC patients. Subgroup analysis indicated a 26% risk reduction in CRC incidence by using total dairy products and a 28% reduction by using milk. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the potential for dairy-based dietary interventions in CRC prevention, with milk being the most protective agent against CRC. Further randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these associations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinod Kumar Singh; Seema Awasthi; Sudhir Gupta, Sanjeev Kumar Jain, Sonika Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Pandemics to Prevention: Why One Health Approach Must Guide the Future of Global Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Purushottam Giri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of the 10th Sustainable Development Report (SDR) 2025: Global
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are only around 17% of their targets on track, and global progress toward them has stalled. However, significant progress has been made in the areas of social safety, energy, health, and access to education. With an SDG Index score of 67/100 in 2025, India earned its highest-ever ranking—99th globally—and debuted in the top 100. Significant national achievements include steep drops in maternal and infant mortality, almost universal access to electricity, and primary education. Nonetheless, India continues to lag in terms of SDG 2 (nutrition), SDG 4 (post-secondary education), and environmental targets. This article summarizes international trends, emphasizes India's advancements, and offers suggestions for accelerating action through partnerships, data systems, and funding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Nandita Sharma, Dr Mahendra Singh, Pradeep Aggarwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Analytical Study of Health, Menstruation, and Mental Health Challenges Among Bhil Tribal Communities in Rajasthan
Background: The complications of health, menstruation, and mental well-being are a truly little-studied field in the spectrum of tribal society of India, especially in the Bhil region. Grounded in lines of cultural muteness and structural pre-appointment, Bhil women and adolescent girls are frequently frustrated with compound problems concerned with reproductive and psychological fitness. Aims and Objectives: This study adopts a qualitative perspective of examining one community of people or one tribe in one area of interest (i.e., Banswara, Rajasthan) to find out how social silence, cultural beliefs, and institutional neglect converge to influence health. Setting and Design: This paper examines the realities of Bhil women regarding their menstruation, as well as access to health services and the absence of mental health discourse. Materials and Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted by using semi-structured interviews of 30 Bhil women in Banswara, Rajasthan, with the help of a review of NGO publications and national documents. Results: The results indicate that there is a strong taboo associated with menstruation, a lack of access to sanitary products, and a strong tendency towards seclusion. The number of people gaining access to healthcare is also hampered by its physical inaccessibility, coupled with the attitudes of using traditional healers. The study explains why culturally competent policies, locally based health efforts, and awareness-based community campaigns are desperately needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Verma, Aditi Yadav http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0