2024-03-29T13:47:07Z
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/index/oai
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1
2018-06-01T02:12:06Z
IJCH:EDT
"870430 1987 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Early Detection Of Cancer
Bhatnagar, V B
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Farly detection of cancer is based upon three fundamental assumptions, firstly that the trea'ment of benign and precancerous lesions reduces the incidence of cancer, secondly, that the treatment of in situ cancers is conducive to total cure and thirdly that early diagnosis and management of invasive cancer ensures be.ter survival. When patient seeks medical advice for vague symptoms, which could however be due to a possible malignant tumour at a particular site, the alert clinician should investigate the patient immediately to exclude cancer. At this stage cancer is usually not significantly advanced.
Currently the U. I. C. C. (International Union for Cancer Control} is studying the epidemiology of cancers in various countries The importance of this is two folds : Firstly by focussing attention on a section of population vulnerable to a particular cancer an early detection is facilitated Secondly by changing the causative factors responsible to a particular cancer, the incidence of that cancer can be reduced e. g. reduction in lung cancer following campaigns against ciguette smoking and reductioi in breast cancer after campaigns for advocating breast feeding of infants, lowering fat consumption and encouraging self palpation of breast regularly.
Indeed early diagnosis of cancer implies diagnosis of cancer in almost a symptomatic stage It involves motiva’ion of the population towards acquisitio : of knowledge, attitude and practice.. Epidemiologies and clinicians should be able to recognise high risk cases exposed to particular neoplasia and knowledge of alarming symptoms should be pro- pogated for wide publicity through common available media and means. Probable cases should have regular clhrcal examination periodically and relevant investigations including radiological, imaging techniques and Bio-Chemical examination should be undertaken as and when desired Suspicious lesions should be investigated by specific tests including smear cytology, aspiration cytology, tru-Cut needle biopsy and incision tl or excisional biopsy to exclude or confirm the diagnosis. A vigilant clinician thus may diagnose cancer at early stage.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1987-04-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 3 No. 1 (1987)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/8
2018-06-01T09:36:29Z
IJCH:EDT
"901231 1990 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Towards A Malaria Vaccine?
Garg, B S
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
The last few years have seen a marked change in the understanding of malaria mmunology.
We have very little knowledge on immunity of Malaria based on experiments in human
beings due to ethical reasons. Whatsoever our knowledge exists at present is based on
experimentas in mice and monkey. However it is clear that it is sporzoite or merozoite
which is directly exposed to our immune system in the life cycle of Malaria parasite. On the
basis of human experiments we can draw inference that immunity to malaria is species.
specific (on cross immunity), stage specific and strain specific as well acquired in the response to surface antigen and relapsed antigen although the parasite also demonstrates escape machanism to immune system.
So the host system kills or elimi nate the parasite by means of (a) Antbody to extracell~
ular form of parasite with the help of mechanism of Block invasion, Agglutination or opsonization and/or (b) Cellular machanism-either by phago-cytosis of parasite or by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity ABCC (?) or by effects of mediators like tumor necrosis fJ.ctor (TNF) in cerebaral malaria or crisis forming factor as found in sudan or by possible role of lysis mechanism.
However, inspite of all these theories the parasite has been able to invade the immune
system by virtue of its intracellular development stage specificity, sequestration in capillaries and also by its unusual characteristics of antigenic diversity and antigenic variation.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1990-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/8
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 6 No. 3 (1990)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/15
2018-06-01T09:36:19Z
IJCH:EDT
"940630 1994 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Sex Education
Srivastava, R N
Sex, though not everything in life, is a profoundly important aspect of human existence. It has evolved to serve more than reproductive functions; relational and recreational functions having taken precedence over procreational. Sex has come to play a much wider socio-psychological function.
Human sexuality is complex and multidimensional. It is subject to influence by multitude of factors often grouped as biological (e.g. genes, hormones), psychological (e.g. fear, anxiety, mood) and socio-cultural (e.g. sex roles, values- religious/moral/ethical, customs). It is the interaction and interrelationship of these factors from the time of conception, through intrauterine life, infancy, childhood and adolescence, till adulthood (even later in life) that determine the sexual development expressed as sexual attitudes and behaviour of the people. Learning, both social and cognitive, plays a significantly important role in such development.
Sexual dysfunctions in men and women, result from factors often categorised as physical or organic and psychological; more often a combination may be involved. Experience has shown that in majority of men and women in India having sexual problems, ignorance misconceptions and prevailing myths are invariably responsible in the causation of Ihese problems. Sexual problems in individual man (e.g. erectile failure) and woman (e.g. vaginismus) cause anxiety, feelings of frustration, lowered self esteem and symptoms of depression. The condition may also affect the spouse; he/she, as a reaction to the problem in the partner, may develop sexual and psychosocial problems including distressed marital relationship. This may also have influence on general couple relationship, effecting adversely the quality of family life.
Modern therapeutic endevours have made it possible now to offer effective therapy to most people who seek help for their sexual problems, thus preventing the consequences on couple relationship. However, there is also scope for prevention of sexual dysfunctions. As the process of sexual development starts from the time of conception and proceeds through infancy, childhood and adolescence till adulthood with learning, both social and cognitive playing a significantly important role after birth,the seed for many sexual problems is often sown enroute to sexual development i.e. from cradle to adulthood.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1994-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/15
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 7 No. 2 (1994)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/21
2018-06-01T09:36:11Z
IJCH:EDT
"950930 1995 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Empowerment of rural masses in health sector
Mathur, J S
The health status of 80% population residing in rural areas has not improved to desired goals from the basic health services provided to them. Local people have remained indifferent to them. They should be equal partners in the management of health services operating in their areas, therefore, a process needs to be designed to create conditions to know of economic, social and health problems for the whole community with their active participation and fullest possible relience upon the communities initiative to solve them.
A community development programme was launched on 2nd Oct. 1952 in first five year plan and was hailed as a programme "of the people, for the people, by the people" to exterminate the triple enemies - poverty illness and ignorance. The community development programmes were envisaged as a multipurpose programme cordinated for agriculture, social welfare, education and health. .
It is currently recognized that despite of expansion of the primary health care infra structure upto village level, a comprehensive and effective approach to community health has not been yet achieved. Local community is not sufficiently involved in its own health care, consequently the impact in terms of community health remains small. A comprehensive and integrated approach to community health for population control and response to family welfare planning depends more than any other factor but on an assurance of survival of the children and by creating the right environment for small family norms. All this and change in attitude for the desire of a male child and improvement in low status of women is possible by community itself. Low rate of literacy in women, early marriage of girls are seriously impending the
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1995-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/21
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 8 No. 2,3 (1995)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/32
2018-06-01T09:34:08Z
IJCH:EDT
"970430 1997 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Emerging Infectious Diseases-Global Alert-Global Response
Khan, Asifuzzaman
"Emerging Infectious Diseases-Global Alert-Global Response". When the term 'alert' is used it indicates an emergency and if we do not respond adeptly, catastrophe becomes imminent. The World Health Day theme of 1997 very aptly draws the attention of both, the providers as well as the consumers of health care facilities, to gear up and engage the entire health machinary to combat these emerging infectious diseases. The problem with which we are confronted is not only the emergence of nearly 30 or more infectious diseases, which have surfaced in the recent past but also the resurfacing or re-emergence of certain diseases, which were believed to have declined or been eliminated.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1997-04-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/32
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 9 No. 1 (1997)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/43
2018-06-01T09:33:52Z
IJCH:EDT
"970831 1997 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Editorial
Khan, Asif Uz Zaman
The arthropod menace is hovering around us once again. Breeding of different species of mosquitoes in urban and semi - urban localities is posing a threat ,and if preventive measures are not adopted immediately, the situation can become explosive once again. Diseases like malaria, filaria, dengue and, may be, yellow fever can become rampant if measures are not adopted on a war footing to curb these scourges. Falciprim malaria and dengue haemorrhagic fever are known for evoking a catastrophe leading to a very high case fatality rate. The new dengue disease paradigm is prevalent now in Latin America and the Caribbean sin.ce last year. Its emergence as a major health problem has been most dramatic in the American region. The epidemic of dengue fever with haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and shock syndrome (DSS) from mid August to end of Noveihber, 1996, had occurred in the national capital territory of Delhi, which was the worst ever in Indian history. Type II dengue virus has been identified as the causative agent in a number of clinical samples. There were in all about 10,000 cases with over 400 deaths. Dengue has been known to be endemic in India for over two centuries as a benign and self limiting disease. However, in the recent years, the disease has changed its course, manifesting in a severe form as DHF/DSS wiith increasing frequency.The new lethal manifestation of an old benign disease broke out in Manila in the Philippines for the first time in 1953 - 54. It, then, attacked Bangkok in Thailand in 1958. DHF had been raging in our immediate neighbourhood, Myanmar since 1970. Cambodia has seen a severe outbreak of DHF recently.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1997-08-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/43
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 9 No. 2 (1997)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/55
2018-06-01T09:33:34Z
IJCH:EDT
"971231 1997 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Editorial
Khan, Asif uz- Zaman
Community Psychiatry in India is an upcoming branch in the field ofpsychiatry as well as Community Medicine. The need for this discipline has dawned in a big way recently on account of increasing deviant human behaviour resulting from the exuberant mental stress and strain of rapid industrialization and rbanization. The earlier concept ofpsychiatric illnesses and other psychosomatic conditions have changed a great deal over the years. The term lumatic or insane is no more considered a sophisticated terminology for describing a person who is mentally ill. The euphemism which is in vogue nowadays ensures that even those who are mentally sick deserve a place in society and have the fundamental right to live a life of dignity and respect. Psychiatry today is perhaps more concerned with the modern life style resulting in the so called mental wear and tear, rather than exclusive organic lesions causing a pathological mental state. The boundries of psychiatry are no more confined or restricted to marked mental derangement manifesting as Manic Depresive Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Paranoia and other serious mental illnesses, but also envisages situations heralding the onset of an alteration in normal human behaviour. The spectrum of mental illnesses may range from mild infrequent anxiety and simple depression to very serious psychosis. The pendulum can swing either way resulting at times in creating paradoxical situations, so much so that the manifestation of such a disorder can be diagnosed only by a qualified psychiatrist. It will be very much relevant to mention at this juncture that what may appear as a simple case of social withdrawl or decreased performance at school or work, could be due to major psychosis, which later on may turn out to be extremely detrimental for the patient as well as his associates. The changing social, economic and cultural pattern, so much prevalent in the country today may be at times responsible for various mental disorders, which earlier did not demand so much of medical attention. Psychiatric consultations are becoming increasingly more frequent in the industrialised countries of the world. It seems that in not too distant future it should become an important component ofthe health care delivery system in nearly all developing countries ofthe world, including India. During yesteryears, there was a social stigma attached to people suffer ing from mental disorders. Persons once declared insane, were either admitted in lunatic asylums or ostracized. However, when one goes down the memory lane, he will appreciate that graually the awareness created in the modern society has changed the perception of psychiatric
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
1997-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/55
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 9 No. 3 (1997)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/66
2018-06-01T09:33:17Z
IJCH:EDT
"030630 2003 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
BIRTH WEIGHT : A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE
SRIVASTAVA, J P
India has a dubious distinction of belonging to the top bracket of countries with a very high under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) of above 96/1000 live births. The U5MR considered the single most significant basic indicator of health status of a community, is proportional to the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) which in turn is contributed to directly and indirectly by the incidence of low Birth Weight (LB W).About 25 million LB W are born each year consisting 17% of all live births,nearly 95% of them in developing countries. About 26% of newborns are LBW in India, and indeed over 16% in those countries with very high U5MR.Both preterm and small-for-dates almost equally make up this category of vulnerable infants predisposed to asphyxia, feeding problems, anemia and growth failure. Considering the close relationship of birth weight with perinatal and infant morbidity as well as mortality, it is crucial to identify the liigh risk groups of low birth weight babies as early as possible.Unfortunately, in a community where 80% of newborns never get to have their weight measured, this itself is a tall order. In our society, the cry of the newborn is greeted with anxious queries about the sex of the baby and not his wellbeing and potential for healthy survival. The basic concept of the importance of birth weight is missing even among educated families. Indeed, it is as if the weighing machine has no place in the requirements at childbirth. In the absence of this basic facility, field workers and TBAs must report to other means to identify babies at risk. Mid-arm circumference, thigh circumference, foot length, and skin-fold thickness etc. are measurements that have been correlated satisfactorily with the baby’s weight. Simple tools like coloured strips have been developed and these show promise of applicability in field situation for identification of LB W by TBAs for early referral.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2003-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/66
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2003)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/76
2018-06-01T09:33:04Z
IJCH:EDT
"031231 2003 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Reproductive And Sexual Health - The Unfinished Agenda
Srivastava, V K
The international community for the first time during the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 defined the Reproductive Health, not in a demographic context, but as a right and matter of choice for even individual. In the years that followed other International Conferences on women issues reinforced this consensus. The human right relevant of Reproductive Health includes : The right to life and health, The freedom to marry and determine the number, timing and spacing of children, The right to access the information, The right to discrimination and equality for men and women, The right to liberty and security of the person, including freedom from sexual violence and coercion, The right to privacy, The women all over the world have the same reproductive health needs, however, the factors like migration and urbanization that influence the involuntary movement of populations within the national frontiers render them more vulnerable, including to reproductive health problems. This increases their needs for preventive and curative care, including sendees related to safe motherhood, family planning, prevention and treatment of complicated abortions. HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STls). The consequences of sexual violence, traditional values, extended families, new friends and unfamiliar ways of life, inadequate reproductive health sendees etc are unusual impediments for availing the sendees.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2003-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/76
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2003)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/84
2018-06-01T09:32:52Z
IJCH:EDT
"040630 2004 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
World health day - 7th april, 2004 "road safety is no accident"
Saxena, S C
In 1948, the First World Health Assembly called for the creation of a "World Health Day". Since 1950, World Health Day has been celebrated on the 7th of April of each year. The objective of World Health Day is to raise global awareness of a specific health theme to highlight a priority area of concern for the World Health Organization (WHO). The Day serves as a launch for a long-term advocacy program for which activities will be undertaken and resources provided well beyond 7th April. To Celebrate the theme of this year "Road Safety is No accident", on 7th April 2004 around the globle, hundreds of organizations hosted events to help raise awareness about road traffic injuries, their grave consequences and enormous casts to society. They also contributed to spreading the message that such injuries can be prevented. In 1948, the First World Health Assembly called for the creation of a "World Health Day". Since 1950, World Health Day has been celebrated on the 7th of April of each year. The objective of World Health Day is to raise global awareness of a specific health theme to highlight a priority area of concern for the World Health Organization (WHO). The Day serves as a launch for a long-term advocacy program for which activities will be undertaken and resources provided well beyond 7th April. To Celebrate the theme of this year "Road Safety is No accident", on 7th April 2004 around the globle, hundreds of organizations hosted events to help raise awareness about road traffic injuries, their grave consequences and enormous casts to society. They also contributed to spreading the message that such injuries can be prevented. The accident is defined as unexpected, unplanned event envolving injury, disability or death. The accidents occur in almost all countries. The most alarming fact is that accidents kill more young trained adults between 15-24 years of age group of males, mainly among two wheelers. All sorts of accidents kill more than 5 million people a year in whole of world including about 9 lakh deaths from road accidents alone, The road accidents rank fourth in order among the leading causes of death and are responsible for approximately & parcent of all deaths in the world. For every death, there are as many as 30-40 minor enjuries and IQ- 15 serious injuries requring long periods of expensive care, nursing and Treatment.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2004-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/84
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2004)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/91
2018-06-01T09:32:42Z
IJCH:EDT
"041231 2004 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Aids : A Rampant Intruder
Chandra, Suresh
The HIV/AIDS epidemic represents the most serious public health problem in India. There is no denial of the enormity of the problem. The prevalence of infection in all parts of the world highlights the spread from urban to rural areas and from high risk to general population. It is estimated that as on end of year 2004, 39.4 million people were infected with the virus. Migration of labour, low literacy levels leading to low awareness, gender disparities, prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and reproductive tract infections are some of the factors attributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS. 4.9 million ( 4.3 million - 6.4 million) people have aquired HIV infection only in one year of span - 2004. The global AIDS epidemic killed 3.1 million ( 2,8 million- 3.5 million) people in the past year.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2004-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/91
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 16 No. 2 (2004)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/99
2018-06-01T09:32:31Z
IJCH:EDT
"051231 2005 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
dc
Awareness : The Major Preventive Tools Against Aids
Srivastava, J P
AIDS might have started as a bush fire but is now spreading across the world like a forest conflagration that we are finding difficult to extinguish. In a matter of decades the HIV has reached a high level with about 40.3 million affected globally. The year 2005 alone saw an addition of 5 millions with over all estimated adult population below one percent. According WHO and UNAIDS estinates, dispite improved access to anti-Retroviral treatment and the care in many region of the world, the acquired immune defieiency syndrome (AIDS) claimed 3.1 million lives in the year 2005, more than a million of them are children. The AIDS epidemic in India is marked by heterogenecity. The epidemie shift from high risk population to bridge population (Clients of Sex workers, STD patients and partners of drug U'sers) and then to general population. There is timelag of 2-3 years between the shift from one group to another. Currently, the estimated HIV INFECTION RATE among adult population between 15-19 years of age is 0.7%
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2005-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/99
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 17 No. 1,2 (2005)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/106
2018-06-01T09:32:20Z
IJCH:EDT
"060630 2006 eng "
2248-9509
0971-7587
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Promoting Safe Injection Practices : The Challenge Ahead
Srivastava, V K
Ahuja, Ramesh C
Injections are one of the most common health care procedures in the world. Global estimates range between 12 billion-16 billion injections each year’. Most of the injections (90 to 95%) are given for therapeutic purposes and only 5 to 10% are given for immunization. It is estimated that worldwide every year a billion injections are given to women and children for immunization. Up to half of these injections are currently thought to be unsafe. Due to the sheer burden of injections and the coresponding magnitude of unsafe injections, the proportion of blood borne pathogen transmission is much larger than is due to unsafe blood transfusion. Unsafe injections are responsible for million cases of Hepatitis B and C and an estimated one-quarter of a million cases of HIV annually. Worldwide 8 to 16 million hepatitis B, 2.3 - 4.7 million hepatitis C and 80,000 - 1,60,000 HIV infections are estimated to occur yearly form reuse of syringes and needles without adequate sterilization2. In the less developed countries, the unsafe injection practices account for an estimated $ 535 million in health care costs and result in nearly 1.3 million deaths a year. In a developing country like India where unnecessary injections are common, the total burden of injections is estimated to be 3.7 billion injections per year3. Certain studies that have been carried out in India,along with anecdotal evidence point towards a large numbe- of unnecessary, inappropriate, unsafe injections and inadequate sharps waste management4 5. A high proportion of injections given in India for immunization are unsafe due to reuse of needles/ syringes. The popularity of curative injections remains high due to various factors influencing the behaviour of prescribers / injection givers as well as clients.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2006-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/106
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2006)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/116
2018-06-01T09:32:07Z
IJCH:EDT
"070630 2007 eng "
2248-9509
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THE FACTS ABOUT NUTRITION AND HIV/AIDS
Srivastava, J P
.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2007-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/116
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2007)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/128
2018-06-01T09:25:46Z
IJCH:EDT
"080630 2008 eng "
2248-9509
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WORLD HEALTH DAY 2008: PROTECTING HEALTH FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Saxena, S C
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MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2008-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/128
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 20 No. 1 (2008)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/142
2018-06-01T09:25:31Z
IJCH:EDT
"090630 2009 eng "
2248-9509
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PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Bhatnagar, M
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MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2009-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/142
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2009)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/157
2018-06-01T09:25:10Z
IJCH:EDT
"100630 2010 eng "
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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND ITS GLOBAL SPREAD
Sharma, R P
Since their discovery during the 20th century, antimicrobial agents (antibiotics and related medicinal drugs) have substantially reduced the threat posed by infectious diseases. The use of these “wonder drugs”, combined with improvements in sanitation, housing, and nutrition, and the advent of widespread immunization programmes, has led to a dramatic drop in deaths from diseases that were previously widespread, untreatable, and frequently fatal. Over the years, antimicrobials have saved the lives and eased the suffering of millions of people. By helping to bring many serious infectious diseases under control, these drugs hav also contributed to the major gains in life expectancy experienced during the latter part of the last century. These gains are now seriously jeopardized by another recent development: the emergence and spread of microbes that are resistant to cheap and effective first-choice, or “first- line” drugs. The bacterial infections which contribute most to human disease are also those in which emerging microbial resistance is most evident: diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, sexually transmitted infections, and hospital-acquired infections. Some important examples include penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant salmonellae, and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of resistance to drugs commonly used to treat malaria is of particular concern, as is the emerging resistance to anti-HIV drugs. Treatment, resu.lting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death, Treatment failures also lead to longer periods of infectivity, which increase the numbers of infected people moving in the community and thus expose the general population to the risk of contracting a resistant strain of infection. When infections become resistant to first-line antimicrobials, treatment has to be switched to second- or third-line drugs, which are nearly always much more expensive and sometimes more toxic as well, e.g. the drugs needed to treat multidrug-resistant forms of tuberculosis are over 100 times more expensive than the first-line drugs used to treat non-resistant forms. In many countries, the high cost of such replacement drugs is prohibitive, with the result that some diseases can no longer be treated in areas where resistance to first-line drugs is widespread. Most alarming of all are diseases where resistance is developing for virtually all currently available drugs, thus raising the spectre of a post- antibiotic era.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2010-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/157
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2010)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/174
2018-06-01T09:24:45Z
IJCH:EDT
"110630 2011 eng "
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SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE FOR TARGETED VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION TO CHILDREN IN INDIA
Kapil, Umesh
Tyagi, Mamta
In India, presently Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is common amongst young children belonging to the underprivileged populations. The risk of deficiency is greatest in children under three years because their requirements are relatively higher and dietary intake is low. Also, these have higher risk of illnesses such as diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infection and measles, which deplete vitamin A reserves. In India, Severe deficiency of VA with corneal involvement was an important cause of nutritional blindness in sixties and early seventies children amongst children belonging to poor communities however presently, this is an extremely rare disease.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2011-06-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/174
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 23 No. 1 (2011)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/187
2018-06-01T09:24:26Z
IJCH:EDT
"111231 2011 eng "
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TOBACCO CONTROL IN INDIA—LOTS NEED TO BE DONE
Singh, C M
Kaushik, Amit
Jain, P K
Tobacco use is among the leading causes of preventable premature death and disease all over the world. As per World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, at present, its use kills more than 5 million people each year worldwide and most of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. If immediate steps are not taken to tackle the problem gap in deaths between low and middle-income countries and high-income countries is expected to widen further over the next several decades. It is estimated that if current trends of tobacco use persist, it will take a toll of more than 8 million lives worldwide every year by 2030, out of these 80% premature deaths are expected to occur in low and middle-income countries. By the end of this century, tobacco may kill a billion people or more unless urgent action is taken.1 Deaths attributed to tobacco use are increasing in India and account for about one sixth of the world’s tobacco-related deaths. Estimations on tobacco-related deaths revealed the fact that smoking was expected to kill nearly one million Indians by the early 2010.2
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2011-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/187
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 23 No. 2 (2011)
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CHANGING WRINKLES TO SMILES WITH PALLIATIVE CARE FOR THE ELDERLY!
Mohapatra, S C
Mohapatra, Archisman
Over the past years, the conscious and collaborative efforts of Peoples and Planners world-wide have shown a reduction in mortality and increase in the life expectancy at birth. Thus, the world will be over loaded with aged people one century ahead; on the other hand, we in India have cheated this particular group for last 65 years by not providing any special care package for them – the Elderly: presenting them the “geriatric care”! The then Director-General of the World Health Organization, Gro Harlem Brundtland in 1999 had said “Population ageing is, rst and foremost, a success story for public health policies as well as social and economic development”. Thus, the WHO has aptly chosen the theme “Ageing and health: Good health adds life to years” for 2012. The focus is how good health throughout life can help older men and women lead full and productive lives and be a resource for their families and communities.[1] It is predicted that within the next five years, the number of adults aged 65 years and over will outnumber children under the age of 5 and by 2050, all children under the age of 14. Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world’s population over 60 years will double from about 11% to 22% with the most rapid and dramatic demographic changes being seen in low and middle income countries.[2]
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2012-03-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 24 No. 1 (2012)
eng
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MENTAL & SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN GERIATRIC POPULATION: NEED OF THE HOUR
Kandpal, S D
Kakkar, Rakesh
Aggarwal, Pradeep
Ageing is inevitable; it is a natural phenomenon and has its own dynamics, which is beyond human control. Sir James Sterling Ross commented that “you don’t heal old age, you protect it and you promote it” these are the principles of Preventive Medicine1.The Indian elderly population is currently the second largest in the world2. The proportion of elderly population in India rose from 5.6% in 1961 to 7.5% in 20013 & it will rise to 9% by 20164.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2012-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/225
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 24 No. 2 (2012)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/243
2018-06-01T09:18:56Z
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EXTENDING THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE INTO CLINICAL SCIENCES
Singh, G K
Well into the yester years of medicine it got divided in public health and clinical medicine. Battered and fearful of the raging epidemics which decided history and fate of human endeavors’ and congregations, public health quickly developed the science of counting and using numbers to make decisions to preserve health, the science of Epidemiology. Definitions became precise including definitions of abnormality. Need to act before the disease hit became well known as simple things like full pants, full sleeved shirts and mosquito nets protected armies from malaria out breaks. Epidemiology blossomed as the knowledge of distribution and determinants of disease making huge differences on disease burdens and saving millions of lives. But response to disease, clinical medicine, still remained an important determinant of what should be done in the health sector as it was the diseased, not the healthy who controlled the decisions on what should be done on health. Costly corporate, highly technical medical institutions with cutting edge treatment and investigation technology swayed decision makers mood on what to invest in regardless of the magnitude of impact that the intervention would have on health versus the resources being spent on ensuring it.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2012-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/243
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 24 No. 3 (2012)
eng
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NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: A CHALLENGE
Kumar, Sandip
Kaushik, Amit
After completion of 65 years of independence, our country has witnessed remarkable progress in the health status of its population. However, over the past few decades, there has been major transitions in the country that have serious impact on health. Changes have been seen in economic development, nutritional status, fertility and mortality rates and consequently, the disease profile has changed considerabely. Though there have been substantial acievements in controlling communicable diseases, still they contribute significantly to disease burden of the country. Decline in morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases have been accompanied by a gradual shift to, and accelerated rise in the prevalence of, chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancers, mental health disorders and injuries1. Researchers and policy makers around the world have been increasingly recognizing NCDs (Non communicable diseases) as a health and developmental emergency. NCDs are the leading cause of death in the South-East Asia Region, killing 7.9 million annually (55% of the total deaths in the Region). NCD deaths in region are expected to increase by 21% over the next decade.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2012-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/260
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 24 No. 4 (2012)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/279
2018-06-01T09:18:00Z
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HAS THE TIME COME TO CHANGE THE WAY WE TEACH COMMUNITY MEDICINE TO UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS?
Bansal, Rahul
Why the need to change ? Substantial increase in the content of subject : The content of the subject has grown by at least 30 % from the time when I was an undergraduate student and we used to read the 7th edition of Preventive and Social Medicine by Park. At that time this book had only 686 pages (size of pages was at least 30 % less than now) had only 16 chapters .The 21st edition of the same book has 868 pages and 23 chapters. This goes on to show that the content of subject has increased substantially. 12 weeks of clinical posting added : Medical Council of India has added 12 weeks of clinical posting to the teaching of Community Medicine similar to the postings in major clinical subjects, where in the students are available to us in small groups for approximately 3 hours everyday. In spite of the increase in subject content and the opportunity for small group teaching during postings, I personally feel that we have not been able to inspire students to learn Community Medicine with enthusiasm. Why the subject has not become much popular among under graduate students? Before going into the further details let us look at the following observations made by the WHO -SEARO expert group on “Improving the teaching of Public Health at undergraduate level in medical schools – suggested guidelines.” – Today most of the teaching in public health is carried out using didactic lectures within the ivory tower of an institution with limited exposure to the community .Public health education has to be an active process ,student centered , inquiry driven , evidence based and problem solving as well addressing the needs of the community .The role of the teacher should be to facilitate the student to acquire the competencies through field based experiential learning of public health competencies involving dedicated time for practice , receiving feedback and reflecting on its application in their future role as primary care doctors1.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2013-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/279
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 25 No. 1 (2013)
eng
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2018-06-01T09:17:35Z
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THE PROBLEMS OF FALL, RISK FACTORS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AMONG GERIATRIC POPULATION IN INDIA
Kumar, A
Srivastava, D K
Verma, A
Kumar, S
Singh, N P
Kaushik, A
Falls, road accidents and burns are responsible for the highest rates of mortality among Geriatric Population, particularly in the age group 85 or over. In 2006, with approximately 76.6 million (above 7.7% of total population) India alone accounted for one-seventh of world’s elderly. Their population has been steadily growing. It is estimated that India will soon become home to the second largest number of older people in the world. The challenges are unique, a majority (80%) of them are in the rural areas, making service delivery a challenge, feminization of the elderly population (51% of the elderly population would be women by 2016), increase in the number of the older-old (persons above 80 years) and 30% of the elderly are below poverty line.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2013-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/295
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 25 No. 2 (2013)
eng
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2018-06-01T08:03:41Z
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GERIATRICS-FUTURE SOCIAL MEDICINE
Mathur, J S
Kumar, Sandip
The problem of aging has draw the attention of World Health Organization in 1982 and again in 2000 and expressed concern on the increasing population of aged over 60 years of age and poses the growing policy challenging in both developed and developing countries. ILO in 2002 has warned in its report that the number of old people aged 60 years and over are increasing throughout World in a “demographic resolution”. According U N Population data and their analysis, the persons over 60 years and their rate will be accelerated over the next 50 years. In developing countries population 60 years are expected to increase 33.3 percent in 2050 from 11.7 percent in 1950 and aged over 60 years to increase 19.3 percent from 6.4 percent for the same period in the developing countries. Similarly the persons over 80 years in the total population in the developing countries in expected to rise from 0.7% percent in 2000 to 3.3 % percent in 2050. But this is rise in expected to be 400 percent in developing countries.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2013-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/314
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 25 No. 3 (2013)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/338
2018-06-01T08:02:08Z
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Improving quality of care in maternal, newborn and child health: opportunities and challenges for India
Jayanna, K
Each year, more than 500000 mothers and nearly 4 million newborns die across the world due to causes related to pregnancy and child birth. 95% of these deaths occur in African and Asian countries (1). Deaths of newborns within the first 28 days contribute to 40% of all the under five deaths and a further three-fourth of the neonatal deaths occur within the first seven days after birth. While there has been considerable progress in the reduction of child deaths (13.2 million in 1990 to 9.2 million in 2007), the pace of reduction of maternal deaths has been slower (1). The causes of deaths are well known; effective preventive and curative interventions are available to address the causes of maternal, newborn and child deaths. While the countries are scaling up interventions, the lack of adequate focus on the quality of these interventions may affect the achievement of millennium development goals (MDG) 4 and 5 targets for children and mothers respectively (2). However, there have been attempts in the recent past to develop and study the feasibility of newer quality improvement tools and processes, especially in the context of developing countries (2). Audits have offered promise in this regard particularly, standards/criterion based audits (2). Developing a culture of quality within facilities and healthcare systems through the establishment of quality improvement teams and through identified champions is an important requisite for sustaining the focus on quality (3).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2013-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/338
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 25 No. 4 (2013)
eng
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2018-06-01T08:01:00Z
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National Social Service Scheme: Integration in Medical Education
Nath, Bhola
Kumari, Ranjeeta
Kamboj, Namita
“I slept and dreamt that life was joy. I woke up and saw that life was service. I acted and behold, service was joy.”- Rabindranath Tagore
National Service Scheme popularly known as “NSS” was launched on Mahatma Gandhi’s birth centenary year, 1969 under Ministry of Youth affairs and Sports, in 37 universities, involving students, with the primary aim to establish meaningful linkage between the campus and the community.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/363
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. 1 (2014)
eng
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2018-06-01T08:00:25Z
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Message from the Regional Director on World Health Day 2014 on Vector-borne diseases
Singh, Poonam Khetrapal
Since time immemorial, humankind has co-habited with innumerable other living forms. Some of these have been responsible for transmitting diseases to human beings. Malaria, dengue, and kala-azar are just a few examples of such diseases of public health importance to us, that are grouped under the broad-term of vector-borne diseases. Vectors are small organisms, such as mosquitoes, bugs, ticks and freshwater snails,that can carry disease from person to person and from place to place.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/387
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. 2 (2014)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/388
2018-06-01T08:00:24Z
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Ayurveda For Health Promotion And Disease Prevention
Bansal, Rahul
Holistic Nature of Ayurveda
Unlike Allopathic system of Medicine where human body is considered a machine and takes a reductionist approach, Ayurveda considered human body as a continuum of nature with consciousness at its core. The all-inclusiveness of Ayurveda and its willingness to put welfare of the patient above everything else in unique.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/388
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. 2 (2014)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/409
2018-06-01T07:59:49Z
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Cervical cancer screening trials in India and ethical issues
Labani, Satyanarayana
Asthana, Smita
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease with an annual global load of 528000 new cases and 266000 deaths, majority occurring in low resource countries (LRCs). The magnitude of the disease in India is with 123000 new cases and 67000 deaths every year [1]. Developing countries successfully implemented Pap smear based cervical cancer screening into public health services and achieved reduction in incidence and mortality. With lack of the infrastructural resource requirements and trained technical manpower, LRCs including India do not have current capacity to implement cytology based Pap screening. Several alternatives to Pap testing were extensively studied in observational study settings. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is considered to be effective alternative method to reduce the disease burden in LRCs. Studies are conducted in randomized trial settings to confirm whether a significant reduction in incidence and mortality can be achieved in a real programme settings.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/409
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/433
2018-06-01T07:55:48Z
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Public health cadre in India: The need of the hour
Rawat, Chandra Mohan Singh
India has made considerable progress in public health since independence including eradication of small pox, poliomyelitis, guinea worm, and elimination of yaws, leprosy and neonatal tetanus from the country. The strategies of the National Rural Health Mission have resulted in significant improvements in key health indicators like institutional deliveries, full immunization, and availability of diagnostic and family welfare services in many states of the country. However, the country’s health system continues to faces many challenges. Population of India as per census 2011 stood 1210 million.1 The demographic transition of the country has been relatively slow, so the population ages slowly. Because of epidemiological transition, the county is facing double burden of communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. The rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) have increased rapidly in India recently which is also attributed partly to a demographic transition. The country is facing other several public health problems. In 2012, the infant mortality rate (IMR) was 42/1000 live births and there was a huge gap between IMR of rural (46/1000 live births) and urban (28/1000 live births), while the maternal mortality ratio was 178/100,000 live births.2 According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), nearly 50 % of children under 5 years age have protein energy malnutrition of various grades.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/433
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. 4 (2014)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/459
2018-06-01T07:55:11Z
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Combating micronutrient deficiency disorders amongst children
Kapil, Umesh
Micronutrients (MN) are the nutrients that are needed by the body in small quantities which play leading roles in the production of enzymes, hormones and other substances that help to regulate growth activity, development and functioning of the immune and reproductive systems. Children, adolescent boys & girls and expectant mothers form a vulnerable group in developing countries where economic stress and food security are issues of concern. MNs deficiencies, which have been considered as major risk factors in child survival are the leading cause of mental retardation, preventable blindness, morbidity, birth defects, morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient malnutrition has many adverse effects on human health, not all of which are clinically evident. Even moderate levels of de?ciency (which can be detected by biochemical or clinical measurements) can have serious detrimental effects on human function. Thus, in addition to the obvious and direct health effects, the existence of MN deficiency has profound implications for economic development and productivity, particularly in terms of the potentially huge public health costs and the loss of human capital formation.
According to WHO mortality data, around 0.8 million deaths (1.5% of the total) can be attributed to iron de?ciency each year, and a similar number to vitamin A de?ciency. In terms of the loss of healthy life, expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), iron-de?ciency anaemia results in 25 million DALYs lost (or 2.4% of the global total), vitamin A de?ciency in 18 million DALYs lost (or 1.8% of the global total) and iodine de?ciency in 2.5 million DALYs lost (or 0.2% of the global total) [1].
A child belonging to low socio-economic families residing in poor environmental and sanitation settings consume low quantity of foods which deficient not only in 2-3 MNs Deficiencies but also in macronutrients. These children also suffer from recurrent episodes of morbidities which further deteriorates their micronutrients nutritional status. The direct supplementation of Micronutrients like Vitamin A, Iron are beneficial in short term but they are not sustainable. We do not know for how many years or generations we need to continue with direct supplementation. The families also develop a culture of dependence on the “state” for nutrition support. We need to look in to the long term but sustainable strategies. There is a need to strengthen the family resources so that family may able to look after the diet of children and prevent micronutrient deficiencies.
The Food Fortification is an important intervention. It is sustainable as the cost of fortification is borne by the beneficiaries who consume the fortified foods like the case of Iodized salt. However, an important consideration for the food fortification strategy is that it increases the cost of foods as compared to non-fortified foods. The poor families who do not have resources to buy raw food, they are more constraint for availability of foods. There is a need of developing Food Fortification strategies which are scientifically sound, operationally feasible and with proven effectiveness before they are implemented in developing countries. We need to assess this food fortification interventions carefully before we launch them. We also need to ensure that the poorest to the poor, including families which are below the poverty line are covered on priority basis. The issue of implementation of targeted versus universal fortification of foods needs to be considered based on the epidemiological evidence of prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in the region for judicious utilization of resources. To achieve this, there is a need of joining hands amongst the nutrition scientists, public health specialists and food fortification technologists to shoulder responsibility towards devising effective and practical strategies to overcome the emergent challenges of micronutrient deficiencies on child health.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-12-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. Supp 1 (2014)
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Global Burden of Neural Tube Defects, Risk Factors, and Prevention
E, Joseph
Flores, A L
Vellozzi, C
Valencia, D
Neural tube defects (NTDs), serious birth defects of the brain and spine usually resulting in death or paralysis, affect an estimated 300,000 births each year worldwide. Although the majority of NTDs are preventable with adequate folic acid consumption during the preconception period and throughout the first few weeks of gestation, many populations, in particular those in low and middle resource settings, do not have access to fortified foods or vitamin supplements containing folic acid. Further, accurate birth defects surveillance data, which could help inform mandatory fortification and other NTD prevention initiatives, are lacking in many of these settings. The burden of birth defects in South East Asia is among the highest in the world. Expanding global neural tube defects prevention initiatives can support the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality, a goal which many countries in South East Asia are currently not poised to reach, and the 63rd World Health Assembly Resolution on birth defects. More work is needed to develop and implement mandatory folic acid fortification policies, as well as supplementation programs in countries where the reach of fortification is limited.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/460
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. Supp 1 (2014)
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2018-06-01T07:54:45Z
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Implementation of Double Fortified Salt in India is based on Low Scientific Evidence
Kapil, Umesh
Sareen, Neha
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) can affect all age groups, but young children and women of reproductive age are most at risk of developing micronutrient deficiencies. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) are two important Public Health problems. Out of 342 districts surveyed, so far IDD is a major public health problem in 286 districts. No state in India is free from iodine deficiency (1). Iron Deficiency Anaemia is reported in about 70% of the population across all age groups (2). The magnitude of Vitamin B12 deficiency is documented to be about 73.5% in the adolescents (3) and Zinc deficiency is reported in about 49.4% amongst children (4). In addition, there are deficiencies of other micronutrients and minerals like Folic Acid, Vitamin D which are of public health concern. Fortification of food is one of three primary strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Fortification is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as "the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, i.e. Vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food irrespective of whether the nutrients were originally present in the food before processing or not, so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. Food fortification is one of the most cost effective ways to make up for the deficient vitamins and minerals in low quality diets. The edible salt is the most widely used food vehicle for fortification with micronutrients (5). Fortification of salt with iodine, to prevent IDD, under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, is in operation since 1962 (1). This intervention has led to significant prevention and control of IDD (6). Recently, the technology has been developed for fortification of salt with iron and iodine commonly known as DFS, to simultaneously combat IDD and IDA (7-9).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2014-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/476
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 26 No. Supp 2 (2014)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/523
2018-06-01T07:32:16Z
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Swine Flu: Prevention to Pandemic
Padda, Preeti
EIS Office, Cohort 3, National Centre of Disease Control, 22, Shyamnath Marg Civil Lines, New Delhi
Swine flu, also known as swine influenza, pig influenza, hog flu and pig flu, is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs, resulting in nasal secretions, a barking cough, decreased appetite, and listless behaviour. Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu produces in people. Mostly people who are closely associated with pigs (for example, pork processors and farmers) acquire the infection and similarly pigs get infected occasionally human flu infection. The cross-species infections (swine virus to man; human flu virus to pigs) have always been confined to local areas and have not spread across borders in either pigs or humans. Unfortunately, this cross-species situation with influenza viruses has had the potential to change and cause epidemics and pandemics. Most recent pandemic has been reported in 2009, where "swine flu" strain, first seen in Mexico, was termed as H1N1 as it was mainly infecting people and exhibited two main surface antigens, H1 (hemagglutinin type 1) and N1 (neuraminidase type1). This unique eight RNA strands from novel H1N1 flu have one strand derived from human flu strains, two from avian (bird) strains, and five from swine strains. Since then it has been infecting people here and there.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2015-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/523
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2015)
eng
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2018-06-01T07:30:15Z
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Road safety: A Public Health Perspective
Kansal, Amrita
Lenka, Satya Ranjan
Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) are the eighth leading cause of death globally, and the leading cause of death among young people aged 15–29 years. Current trends suggest that by 2030 road traffic deaths will become the fifth leading cause of death unless urgent action is taken (1). India accounts for about 10% of road crash fatalities worldwide, causing approximately 140,000 deaths and almost a million of serious injuries each year (2). As per the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors study- 2010, RTIs are the eighth leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in India. It is significant to note that RTIs were not among the top ten lists of DALYs in India in 1990 and has appeared in 2010 (3).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2015-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/554
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 27 No. 2 (2015)
eng
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2018-06-01T07:29:45Z
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Cancer in Punjab: evidence from cancer atlas
Labani, Satyanarayana
Asthana, Smita
Sultan, Ahma
Cancer in Punjab has been a news item in the recent past. It was thought that cases in Punjab exceeded the national average and felt that “Punjab the country’s food bowl was in throes of cancer” (1). This presumption was perhaps incorrect. In order to have clarity on the issue, we aimed to review the report of Cancer Atlas in Punjab state for the year 2012-13, recently released by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The main idea of generating data through Cancer Atlas approach is to assess patterns of cancer in various parts of Punjab state and to estimate cancer incidence at various districts in Punjab. The sources of data collection in the state are all medical colleges, pathology labs, civil hospitals and individual oncologist throughout the state. These data collection sources are considered important as over 80-85% of registered cases of cancer are generally with a microscopic diagnosis (2). Patient data details in the Atlas approach included are Cancer site and morphology of the cancer as per guidelines for collecting information on all malignant cases. The similar approach that adopted in Cancer Atlas in India such as internet approach is used in entering core patient data for Punjab Atlas by standardized procedures.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2015-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/574
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015)
eng
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2018-06-01T07:29:15Z
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Food Safety as a contributor to Food Security: global policy concerns & challenges
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
The theme for World Health Day campaign for this year 2015 is “Food safety: from farm to plate, make food safe”. The day focuses on demonstrating the importance of food safety along the whole length of the food chain in a globalized world, from production and transport, to preparation and consumption (1). Everyone needs food and needs it every day either plant sources or animal sources or both. The food we eat must be nutritious and safe but we often ignore or overlook the issue of food safety. Many cases of food borne diseases either acute poisoning or chronic exposure are largely under reported. In this globalized world, though the food chain extends over thousands of miles from different continents, an error or contamination in one country can affect the health of consumers on the other part of the world. To ensure full impact, these actions must build on principles of government stewardship, engagement of civil society, (2).
According to UN, access to a safe and secure food supply is a basic human right. Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts which have an impact on the health outcomes and quality of human lives. As per Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life, (3). Based on the definition of Food security, four food security dimensions can be identified: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilization and stability over time. Apart from that food security is also affected by Poverty and Climate change.
Food safety is an umbrella term that encompasses many aspects like food items handling, preparation and storage of food to prevent illness and injury. The other important issues are chemical, microphysical and microbiological aspects of food safety, (4). Control of allergens which can be life threatening to some people that are highly sensitive is the priority of food chemical control. Other chemical properties of food such as vitamin and mineral content are also important and affect the overall quality of the food but are not as significant in terms of food safety.
Microphysical particles such as glass and metal can be hazardous and cause serious injury to consumers. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses and toxins produced by microorganisms are all possible contaminants of food and impact food safety. Like food security, food safety is also effected by poverty and climate change. Hence Foo
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2015-12-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 27 No. 4 (2015)
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2018-06-01T07:28:50Z
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Double Burden of Nutritional Disorders amongst Adolescents and Strategies required for combating it
Kapil, Umesh
Sareen, Neha
Adolescents are the future generation of any country and their nutritional needs are critical for the well being of the society. In India, approximately 20% of the population consists of adolescents (1). Presently, the dietary inadequacy exists due to poverty and it is the main cause of under-nutrition. However simultaneously, we have affluent population groups, which have high consumption of foods rich in fats and calories, leading to over-nutrition and obesity. Thus, India is facing double burden of Nutritional disorders amongst adolescent in which we have under-nutrition at one end of the socio-economic spectrum and over-nutrition at the other (1).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2015-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/614
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 27 No. Supp 1 (2015)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/638
2018-06-01T07:23:29Z
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Epidemiology in the Era of Health Informatics: Opportunities & Challenges
Kumar, Rajesh
Over the years, epidemiology has played a key role in improving our understanding about the determinants of health and disease. In the 19th century epidemiological observations led to the discovery of the modes of communication of cholera much before the discovery of the causative organism responsible for it. Similarly, in the 20th century, it led to the discovery of the risks of tobacco smoking, and the modes of transmission of AIDS. In the 21st century, advancement in the computation, visualization, communication, and mhealth technologies are likely to expand the landscape of epidemiology which has now acquired the status of a core discipline of health sciences.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2016-03-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 28 No. 1 (2016)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/660
2018-06-01T07:22:57Z
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Infertility: Ongoing Global challenge of new millennium
Sonaliya, Kantibhai Naranbhai
Background: Infertility tends to be the global challenge even in the second decade of the new millennium. Especially in developing countries like India, it is still one the most lethal social evil responsible for a big proportion of cases of psychological disturbances including suicide. Again, recently, few conditions other than communicable or Non-communicable diseases are given place among the categories of significant public health problems like Road Traffic Accidents, Burns, Poisoning, drowning and few more. But, for developing countries like India, the list is incomplete without inclusion of Infertility (there may be several others also). In public health, tuberculosis, leprosy and some other diseases are considered social diseases which produce social stigma for the patients and/or his family members.1 In same manner, Infertility is an important cause of social stigmatization since centuries for a couple suffering from, especially for woman involved. During a transitory phase of industrialization and socio-economic development, the situation is changed a minute smidgen at urban areas of India but at rural parts, sub-urban or even at urban slums (mainly among pockets of recent migrants) the situation is as same as a few hundred years ago. A female of no religion, caste, social status or higher level of education are barred from some stringent mores related to infertility. Infertile females are still not allowed to take part in so many religious or social ceremonies; on the contrary, they have to face more harassment including domestic violence than their counterparts, who have given birth to the child. Due to social, psychological, economic disturbances, they are forced to take multiple sorts of treatments including religious quacks. So many infertile women are exploited physically and economically also in such weird ways of treatment to gain a pregnancy.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2016-06-30 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 28 No. 2 (2016)
eng
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oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/677
2018-06-01T07:22:33Z
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Mental health in India: Challenges ahead
Kishore, Surekha
Khapre, Meenakshi
With the advent of latest technologies and rapid industrialization human beings have made advancement to a great extent, in the materialistic world. He has mechanized his instruments in such a sophisticated way so as to carry out complicated and heavy tasks in comparatively lesser time and utilizing lesser manpower. In this pursuit of progress, he became more and more ambitious which further led him to stressful life and to make compromises with his other aspects of life intentionally and sometimes unintentionally. One has to consider all the aspects of individual’s physical, mental, social and psychological angles which play an important role in maintaining the individual’s overall personality development as well as wellbeing so that he may lead a productive life. These factors along with the environmental and surroundings influences the behavior of individual. In the present day life though human beings may have progressed socially, economically and also intellectually but somewhere he tended to neglect his emotions, feelings, tolerance and above all there is a growing concern of loneliness amongst all age groups. There is an imbalance between the amount of stress a person takes up with the amount he can cope up with, which has led to increase in behavioral and mental health problems. Burden of mental disorders had risen over last few decades in general mental health is often equated with the cognitive and emotional wellbeing - it is all about the way one thinks, feels and behaves. Mental health, can also mean an absence of a mental disorder. Various factors which has led to the rise in mental health problems are - growing population, continuous stress, over exertion, high ambition, socioeconomic conditions, loneliness, drug abuse, expectations, competitions and failures etc. The list is unending. It has been observed that there is a growing concern worldwide among developed as well as developing nations regarding the rise in behavioral and mental health disorders. According to the World Health Organization, mental health is “a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community. WHO estimated that globally over 450 million people suffer from mental disorders. Currently mental and behavioral disorders account for about 12 percent of the global burden of diseases. This is likely to increase to 15 percent by 2020. Major proportions of mental disorders come from low and middle income countries. (1) In 2010, a study conducted in NIMHANS, Bangalore reported that the burden of mental and behavioral disorders ranged from 9.5 to 10.2 per 1000 population which is very low compared to western countries mainly due to underreporting. (2)
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2016-09-30 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 28 No. 3 (2016)
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2018-06-01T07:22:06Z
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Seven Health Sins
Bansal, Rahul
As we all know, health cannot be sold or purchased by anyone anywhere. According to the holistic concept of health which is based on ‘Bio-psycho-social model’, a person can only be healthy if he/she is able to maintain a harmonious balance between physical, mental/emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of self. No doctor or hospital however big they may be, can give health to anyone until and unless a person chooses to be healthy by making the right choices in his day to day behavior. Adolescence is the time when a person learns to make the choices about his daily behavior. Therefore, giving them the correct information about the routine behavior is of paramount importance for everyone concerned with health including public health experts. One such concept has been developed by the author as ‘Seven Health Sins’ which he has been sharing with the adolescents in the schools as well as the first-year medical students.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2016-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/697
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 28 No. 4 (2016)
eng
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2022-06-11T05:59:48Z
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Depression: Current Scenario with reference to India
Luthra, Megha
Introduction: Depression is an illness characterized by persistent sadness and a loss of interest in activities that you normally enjoy, accompanied by an inability to carry out daily activities, for at least two weeks. In addition, people with depression normally have several of the following symptoms: Loss of energy, Change in appetite, Sleeping more or less, Anxiety, Reduced concentration, Indecisiveness, Restlessness, Feelings of worthlessness, Guilt or hopelessness, Thoughts of self-harm or suicide, (WHO World Health Day Campaign Essentials)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2017-03-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 29 No. 1 (2017)
eng
Copyright (c) 2017 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/734
2022-06-11T07:09:50Z
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EBM: Methodical and Moral Dilemma
Kishore, Surekha
Joshi, Ankur
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-8621
“Science replaces private prejudice with public, verifiable evidence.” ? Richard Dawkins.
This statement by Dawkins inherits the essence of Evidence Based Medicine (EMB) which is relatively a new paradigm of clinical practice and inherently associated with the quest of lifelong-learning. EBM stands on three fundamental pillars- systematical appraisal of literature blended with expertise opinion and preferences(values) of patients for achieving optimization in decision making for a patient. All the three factors are assumed to act in coherence and not in dominance /isolation in an ideal scenario. However, as idealism is an optimistic illusion we have to accept the pragmatism in the perspective of current practices and operational strategies in EBM. This editorial is an attempt to explore and generate an insight as the consequence of the so –called realistic approach.
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2017-06-30 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 29 No. 2 (2017)
eng
Copyright (c) 2017 Indian Journal of Community Health
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2022-06-13T04:40:31Z
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Let's speak for Patient Safety in India
Kansal, Om Prakash
As if the fire episode in a major hospital in 2011 in Kolkata was not enough, another fire episode was recorded in West Bengal tertiary hospital end August. Recently, a colleague undertaking infection control audit was led into an operating theatre with blood stained slippers and only face mask, when the surgery was on. The onset of hepatitis B and hepatitis C epidemics due to reuse of syringes and needles hit the regional headlines in Haryana and Srinagar in 2012 and 2015 respectively.
Worldwide, adverse events occur in around 10% of hospital patients. Individual studies have reported adverse events from 4–17% of hospital admissions and 5–21% of these adverse events result in death. In low- and middle-income countries, adverse events may develop from unsafe care in as many as 18.4% of patients, with 30% of those events leading to the patient's death. Medical literature often reports the incidence of health care acquired infections which the patient may not have when s/he walks in the hospital. The evidence also suggests that half of these can be prevented easily just by investing a minor fraction of the budgets while planning the healthcare. In India, almost all states are facing this challenge irrespective how robust the health care delivery system has developed.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2017-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/750
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 29 No. 3 (2017)
eng
Copyright (c) 2017 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/770
2022-06-13T05:15:27Z
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Managing effective reform for Community Medicine subject: Vision to actions
Kadri, Amiruddin
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat
Reforming Community Medicine discipline is the felt need amongst fraternities of Community Medicine but making effective change is the greatest challenge. It is uphill task and many big organizations failed in ushering the change without full thought to how to manage reform? With changing demand and role of the subject, Royal Colleges of Physicians of United Kingdom had tried to change Faculty of Public Health to Faculty of Community Medicine and then to Faculty of Public Health Medicine to manage the change but it failed (1). However, we need to learn from them and succeed in managing the change.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2017-12-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 29 No. 4 (2017)
eng
Copyright (c) 2017 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/790
2022-06-13T06:39:15Z
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Do We Need to Change the Outlook?
Kishore, Surekha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-8621
Family Medicine is a complex branch by virtue of its nature. Broad in its perspective, it involves high proportion of poorly differentiated problems along with overlapping biological, psychological, and social factors.(1) EBM (Evidence Based Medicine) which originated in second half of 19th century, roused greater interest among health professionals especially during last decade (1). With time as medical knowledge grew, EBM was internationally accepted as gold standard for decision-making and standard for medical practice. It facilitated clinicians in providing up-to-date scientific evidence which in combination with clinical expertise was utilized in medical practice to achieve best possible outcomes (2). Evidence-based practice guidelines and EBM approaches are recognized as the core of today’s scientific thinking with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) being regarded as fundamental research response of EBM for healthcare (3). However, the most troubling aspect of EBM is that it provides the restricted view of evidence. As advocated since 1990s, it was based on the notion that medical practice was subjective and evidence should rather be prioritized on hierarchical system. To promote greater reliance on published literature, RCTs were introduced as a powerful tool for measuring effectiveness and safety of treatments. It argued that clinical judgment and mechanistic reasoning are less reliable forms of evidence in medicine (4,5). Despite EBM era, they still continues to exert influence, resulting in confusion and controversy.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/790
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 1 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/791
2022-06-13T06:39:25Z
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Expanding the role of Medical Colleges in RNTCP towards End TB strategy: Scope and Challenges
Purty, Anil J
Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry
Anandan, Velavan
Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6527-4243
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem and it has been the leading cause of death due to an infectious agent in the past five years. During the last decade, the global and national efforts have been focused on achieving the targets set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Stop TB Strategy to reduce the burden of tuberculosis disease. In 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) framework of goals, targets and indicators were adopted and in line with it End TB Strategy was unanimously endorsed by all WHO member states for the period of 2016 – 2035 (1). Based on these global efforts, India which accounts for about one quarter of world TB cases has formulated the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for TB elimination 2017-2025 to guide the activities of all stakeholders whose work is relevant to TB elimination in India.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/791
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 1 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/807
2022-06-13T11:20:43Z
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National expert group technical consultation on prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia
Sachdev, H PS
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, B-16 Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi 110016
Kurpad, Anura
St John’s Medical College, Sarjapur Raod, Bengaluru 560034
Saxena, Renu
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Kapil, Umesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
A “National Expert Group Technical Consultation on Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia” was held from 23rd to 24th April 2018 at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The Consultation was conducted under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The following were the Co-organizers i) Departments of Human Nutrition and Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; ii) Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research (SBISR), New Delhi; iii) Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), iv) Nutrition Society of India (NSI), v) Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (IAPSM), vi) Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) Nutrition Sub-specialty Chapter , vii) Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (FOGSI), viii) Indian Public Health Association (IPHA), ix) Indian Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion (ISHBT), x) International Epidemiological Association - South East Asia Region (IEA-SEA), xi) Alive and Thrive India, xii) Knowledge Integration and Translational Platform (KnIT – BIRAC-DBT), and xiii) World Health Organization (WHO).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-04-25 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/807
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 1 (Supp) (2018)
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Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/808
2022-06-13T09:31:51Z
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Can We Eliminate Anaemia from India?
Kapil, Umesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Gupta, Aakriti
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Anaemia, as defined by low haemoglobin concentration, is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiologic needs. It is a major public health problem that affects low, middle and high-income countries. The global prevalence of anaemia is 42.6% in children, 38% in pregnant women and 29.4% in all women of reproductive age. The prevalence of severe anaemia amongst women and children is in the range of 0.9% to 1.5% and is associated with substantially worse health outcomes (1).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-04-25 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/808
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 1 (Supp) (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/832
2022-06-14T04:06:14Z
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Universal Health coverage – a reality or mirage
Chopra, Harivansh
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3147-9299
Providing quality health services to everyone and everywhere is the dream of many countries and India is one of them. Universal health coverage means that everyone is able to access essential quality health services without facing financial hardship (1). On the other hand it does not mean that every health service will be provided free of cost to everyone everywhere. With the advancement in medical science the cost of treatment is increasing day by day and it is pushing people specially the marginalized one into poverty. It is has been said that poverty breeds diseases and diseases breeds poverty. If one has to provide minimum plethora of essential quality health services to all in India then one has to make efforts to decrease out of pocket expenditure on health. As per WHO tracking universal health coverage global monitoring report 2017 (2), 17. 3 % Indians spend more than 10% of their annual income for treatment and 3.9 % spend more than 25% of their annual income on treatment. In fact when we look at the data provided by National Sample Survey round 71 (3) it is apparent that expenditure on free medicines for In patients has reduced from 31% to 8.99% and for out-patients from 17.98% to 5.34 % in two decades that’s from 1986 to 2004. While the government spending on health as percentage of GDP is almost stationary. It clearly indicates that either the cost of treatment is increasing or the number of patients have increased tremendously due to increase in population. This issue of increasing population needs to be addressed at war footing otherwise despite increasing the government spending on health it will not be able to reduce out of pocket expenditure.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/832
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/864
2022-06-13T09:50:45Z
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India’s Story of Reducing Maternal Mortality - Achievement so far and Commitments Ahead
Kansal, Amrita
World Health Organization, India
Kandpal, S D
Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow
In the year 2000, the United Nations (UN) Member States pledged to work towards a series of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the target of a three-quarters reduction in the 1990 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR; maternal deaths per 100 000 live births), to be achieved by 2015. This target (MDG 5A) and that of achieving universal access to reproductive health (MDG 5B) together formed the two targets for MDG 5: Improve maternal health (1).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/864
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/953
2022-06-13T10:06:48Z
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Spiritual dimension of health: an ignored aspect of adolescent care and parenting
Bansal, Rahul
Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Are we not disturbed that more and more adolescents are getting involved in negative lifestyles like drug use, too much of fast foods, very less physical activity leading to poor health outcomes? “22% Rohilkhand teens may become impotent” say a Times of India article dated 11th Jan,2016. The article says that hormonal imbalance, adulterated food, depression and watching too much porn in formative years are reasons behind this. “Even 9 years old are taking drugs: Report”- another glaring headline in Times of India on 20th Jan, 2015 this article highlights following – 20% of child and adolescent population have mental illnesses; substance use rate of 40% - 88% reported in various studies on street children in different metros. Among students of rural Tamil Nadu, 10% of children were found to be hypertensive (1).
In a study in Dehradun it was found that 24% of unmarried girls had polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) which is also a lifestyle disease (2). Moreover, there were recent headlines in past couple of years showing that children as young as 10-12 years are indulging in serious crimes like shooting/stabbing/raping, etc.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/953
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 3 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/969
2022-06-13T10:13:46Z
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Augmentation of Human Resources for Health (HRH): A Critical Step for Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India
Kumar, Rajesh
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
In pursuance of the Bhore Committee (1946) recommendations, (1) India had established the norms for health human resources which have been revised several times since then. (2) After the launch of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005, further revision of the norms was done. A second Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) was provided at sub-health centres (SHCs), nurses were deployed in the Primary Health Centres (PHCs) which opted to conduct deliveries, and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) have been organised in most of the villages.(3) However, shortage of human resources for health (HRH), especially in govt. health institutions, still remains a major issue in India as well as in most developing countries. Hence, World Health Assembly has called upon nations to strengthen health workforce.(4)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2018-12-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 30 No. 4 (2018)
eng
Copyright (c) 2018 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1073
2022-07-12T09:08:45Z
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Cancer scenario in India and its comparison with rest of the world and future perspectives
Kishore, Sanjeev
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh - 249203, Uttarakhand
Kiran, Kamini
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh - 249203, Uttarakhand
Cancer remains the scourge of mankind, lets us not delude ourselves. Despite recent advances in molecular biology and very advanced techniques leading to early detection of malignant tumours and despite newer drugs and use of nanotechnology an adjunct measures for targeted therapy, cancer remains the most deadly enemy and killer of mankind. Thus cancer remains the single most factor for increase mortality and morbidity of human being as well as for entire nation, impacting its manpower and economy. It is this vicious cycle that needs to be controlled, broken and irradiated which at present appears to be a herculean tasks although not an impossible one.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2019-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1073
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 31 No. 1 (2019)
eng
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1194
2022-07-12T05:46:56Z
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Healthcare Scenario: Health for All to Sustainable Development Goals
Kakkar, Rakesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh - 520008
Aggarwal, Pradeep
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-0483
Poor quality care in public sector hospitals coupled with the costs of care in the private sector have trapped India's poor in a vicious cycle of poverty, ill health and debt for many decades. There is a huge cross section of the population that continues to struggle to gain access to affordable good quality healthcare. Although the rich can access healthcare by paying large sums of money, the poor are under major threat of financial duress. In Primary health care level public share is more with affordable cost but with compromised quality while in tertiary level private share is more with quality but at high cost and is focused in urban areas. Government has started spending at tertiary care level (newer AIIMS) to broaden the care spectrum but without much improvement at primary health care level.
Accountable health care remains challenge for middle and low income countries. Accountability refers to “the principle that individuals, organizations and the community are responsible for their actions and may be required to explain them to others” (1). Low levels of public health financing, supply side gaps, an acute shortage of human resources and the rising cost of healthcare continue to severely affect access, affordability and quality of health services across the country. These issues make difficult for the public sector to remain accountable. The government has been attempting to address two main challenges: to ensure that all citizens can access healthcare equitably and to ensure that healthcare is made available at an affordable cost and without compromising on quality. So three important pillars for effective HCDS are cost, Access & Quality.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2019-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1194
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 31 No. 2 (2019)
eng
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1273
2022-07-09T05:32:36Z
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Rising trend of Non-Communicable Diseases in India
Kishore, Surekha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh
Jain, Bhavna
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
The 21st century has witnessed multiple public health emergencies (viz. Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, civil wars, natural calamities, etc.), which are mostly associated with many adverse consequences locally, nationally, and internationally. (1,2) Simultaneously, an unexpected rise in the global magnitude of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has also been observed. The Lancet Commission on Global Health 2035 foresees that the threat of pandemics, antimicrobial resistance and noncommunicable diseases will represent the greatest threats to global public health in the future. (3) The disease burden in India is changing. While communicable diseases remain a significant threat, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are also posing threat to country’s public health and wellbeing. (4)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2019-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1273
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 31 No. 3 (2019)
eng
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1282
2022-07-09T04:39:37Z
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EBOLA: IMPACT AND RESPONSE
Alsabaani, Abdullah A.
KING KHALID UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-8249 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-8249
Muzammil, Khursheed
King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1676-8092
Mahmood, Syed Esam
KING KHALID UNIVERSITY https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-5677 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-5677
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe illness caused by Ebola viruses affecting man and non human primates. This Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is often deadly in nature. The virus is transmitted to man from wild animals such as fruit bats. It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus host and act as normal carrier in nature. The WHO affirmed the EVD outbreak as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” on August 8th, 2014. EVD is manifested by fever, fatigue, muscle, pain, headache, and sore throat. There is no proven treatment for Ebola. Simple interventions can significantly improve chances of survival. Supportive treatment includes rehydration with fluids and body salts.. EVD has a risk of death in those infected, between 25% and 90%. Rapid geographic dissemination, nonspecific clinical presentation, lack of vaccine, and specific diagnostic test are the possible challenges to combat this dreaded public health menace. Hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent the spread of the Ebola virus. Ebola vaccine candidates against Ebola have been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but none have yet been approved for clinical use in humans. Most recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved the first ever Ebola vaccine (rVSV-ZEBOV-GP vaccine). This development has been appreciated from all the corners as it is in the interest of mankind and will always be considered as an important milestone in the field of public health.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2019-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1282
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 31 No. 4 (2019)
eng
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1306
2022-07-09T04:41:16Z
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The How of Happiness and Wellbeing
Bansal, Rahul
Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
The concept of happiness is unique to an individual. Everybody gets happy for different reasons. There is a large body of research on happiness and there are many well written books on happiness by internationally known psychologists and other experts.
Though everybody is seeking happiness in his/her own way very few people seem to be genuinely happy on a long term basis. Mihaly csikszentmihalyi well known psychologist for his international best seller “Flow – The psychology of optimal experience” has nicely explained this paradox in following words -
“Despite the fact that we are now healthier and grow to be older despite the fact that even the least affluent among us are surrounded by material luxuries undreamed of even a few decades ago (there were few bathrooms in the palace of the Sun King, chairs were rare even in the richest medieval houses, and no Roman emperor could turn on a TV set when he was bored), and regardless of all the stupendous scientific knowledge we can summon at will, people often end up feeling that their lives have been wasted, that instead of being filled with happiness their years were spent in anxiety and boredom1”.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2019-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1306
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 31 No. 4 (2019)
eng
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1319
2022-07-11T06:49:54Z
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Stress amongst adolescents – An alarm for health service preparedness
Jain, Seema
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
Jain , Bhavna
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-9545
Adolescence can be described as a transitional period from childhood to adulthood. WHO defines adolescence as the period of life between 10-19 years (1). India alone is home to more than 250 million adolescents or 20% of the global adolescent population (1). It is critically important stage of life as they face rapidly changing challenges in their social, physical mental and psychological environments. Their cultural beliefs, family structure and support, peer relationships and educational opportunities influence their behaviour and adjustment. During this stage of life, they not only develop autonomy, self-control, social interaction and learning, but also the capabilities formed in this period directly influence their mental health for the rest of their lives as many of these tend to run a chronic or relapsing course in adulthood (2).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-03-31 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1319
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 1 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1373
2022-07-11T06:47:45Z
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COVID-19: The Healthcare Preparedness of healthcare delivery systems in Public Health emergencies
Kishore, Surekha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
Job, Sheen
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-2736
There is a public health alert in the country since the news of the Coronavirus outbreak. Though not very alarming, as only 28 cases have been confirmed so far, who are largely foreign tourists from outside India. The entire government health administration at various levels are constantly monitoring the situation. The precarious situation is being closely monitored by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Joint Monitoring Group (JMG) convened under the Chairmanship of Director General of Health Services (DGHS) with representations from various stakeholders (health and non-health sectors) and WHO (1) are instrumental in bringing about the responsiveness in the health systems.
Seventy years on, since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (2), the country has made tremendous strides in Health care, up until now, the novel Coronavirus 2019 has wrecked the health fabric of the part of People’s Republic of China with its ravaging onslaught.
However, the incident and contingency measures undertaken on a warfooting after the identification of the Viral pneumonia (as a novel strain among the group of Coronaviruses) gives a promise for the Nation, struggling to contain the epidemic. China, has the largest population in the World, and so also is their vast representation in the entire globe. It is heartening to see however, that the disease outbreak is slowly edging towards pandemic proportions. The burden of relentless and painstaking care round the clock by the frontline health workers is commendable and is indeed a lesson to imbibe for the whole world. The fear and apprehension for the disease has lead to relocation and migration of large sections of the population of Wuhan city, China. The powerful leadership of China and its policies on Health are indeed robust, the advantage of pooling resources and the technological support coupled with the experience of containing the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic in 2003 in Guangdong China. (3)
In the words of the Director-General WHO quote “There is an emergency in China, but it has not yet become a global health emergency. World Health Organisation is following this outbreak every minute of every day”, said Dr Tedros Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO (unquote). There are enormous gaps in the understanding of the dynamics of the disease. Very little is known about the origin of the new strain of the virus, if the media reports are to be believed, it is a controversial story. There was a false hope, in later part of the previous century, that the infectious epidemics have been curbed. In time, we witnessed a spate of emerging infectious illnesses of viral origin spilling over from wildlife reservoirs. Striking examples either directly or via domestic animals, were AIDS from chimpanzees, influenza from wild birds, Ebola, SARS and MERS from bats, and Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika from mosquitoes. This paved the way for the unprecedented spread of infections in humans and animals with dramatic consequences for public and animal health, animal welfare, food supply, economies, and biodiversity. (4) Emergence of epidemics such as novel Coronavirus, in a setting shrouded in mystery, the Chinese govt tight lipped about the outbreak also casts doubts on the subject of Biowarfare agents used in terror strikes or in military strategies
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-03-31 00:00:00
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Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 1 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1381
2022-07-11T06:48:36Z
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Disaster Management: Learning from Experience for Public Health Professionals
Bhatia, Vikas
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Prasad Sahu, Dinesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters; losing about 2% of the GDP every year. India has a coastline of around 7516 kilometres surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea. As the surface temperature is more than that of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal generates more severe cyclone. As per the data of India Meteorological Department (IMD), India weathered as many as 305 cyclones of severity severe and above in last 126 years.(1) An estimated 1.9 million deaths are caused by tropical cyclones worldwide.(2) Nine out of the top ten devastating tropical cyclones hit the coast of Bangladesh and India.(3) The Bhola Cyclone is deadliest in the list causing maximum damage to Bangladesh on 11th November 1970 claiming around 5,00,000 lives and producing massive destruction.(4) The deadliest one of the list hitting the coast of India was in 1999, the super cyclone in Odisha which struck the state of Odisha on 29th October 1999 claiming around 10,000 lives and leaving millions homeless and extensive damage to property and environment.(4) The condition is only likely to get worse as climate change increase the sea surface temperature.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1381
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 1 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1451
2022-07-11T05:31:45Z
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The epidemiologist and the pandemic
Misra, Puneet
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-1524
Like Cholera outbreak of London in 1854, Spanish flu in 1920 or many other pandemic and epidemics thereafter including the current pandemic of COVID 19, it has again reminded to the world about the role of epidemiologist and epidemiological principles in controlling any such event where there is no cure available and thus saving the mankind. It points towards the urgent need of strengthening our public health infrastructure. This should be started with recruitment of competent epidemiologists on priority at district, state and country level. We should make use of full potential of members of IPHA and IAPSM mainly by providing data and help in policy making. This would help in developing capacity for timely action in best interest of our population for any threat of outbreak, epidemic or pandemic in current scenario and in future.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-04-20 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1451
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 2 (Supp) (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1508
2022-07-09T07:00:22Z
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A single strand RNA impacts global DNA
Ravikumar, T S
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
Aravindakshan, Rajeev
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
An editorial in the recent edition of The Lancet (April 25th 2020), was a focussed review on India’s lockdown during the pandemic. (1) While the editorial gave only back-handed credit to Indian performance, the world’s largest lockdown, it did not give a balanced comment on India’s accomplishment. The initial lapses of migrant labourers issue were played up along with several other inconsistencies noticeable in the review. In order to present a more balanced critique of India’s accomplishment, we herein compare the status of the response to the pandemic among the nations that had first exposure to the virus in January 2020, serving as a comparison among the first cohort of countries.
India is one of the countries to have recorded the first case of COVID-19 in January 2020 and hence, is among the nations, most vulnerable to coronavirus epidemic. It was quick to close the international borders and enforce lockdown early. These and other actions have been lauded by WHO. (2)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1508
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 2 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1655
2022-07-09T06:57:58Z
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Public Health in Political Dilemma - A Case for Covid-19 Control
Singh, SK
King George's Medical University, Lucknow - 226003, Uttar Pradesh
Srivastava, VK
Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
COVID 19 has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO (1). The management of COVID 19 pandemic by Govt. of India has been applauded by the WHO for its timely and strict actions. No doubt we have borrowed time from the lockdown but it could have been utilized in a much better way to control. The epidemiological opinion is that the harshest lockdown was acceptable but its extension was not required as we have not been able to sustain the benefits of lockdown gained in the beginning. The gain of lockdown could have been better had it been coupled with meticulous contact tracing and containment measures during the early period of pandemic. A subsequent failure to ensure all these together resulted in spread of virus everywhere in spite of lockdown. It has also given a false feeling to the public that lockdown will prevent infection.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1655
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 2 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1717
2022-07-09T05:53:49Z
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Tuberculosis control programme from NTCP to RNTCP to NTEP
Bhardwaj, Ashok Kumar
Dr. Radhakrishnan Govt. Medical College, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh
India, the highest TB burden country in the world, is having an estimated incidence of 26.9 lakh cases in 2019 (WHO). The year 2019 marks another milestone year for TB surveillance effort in India, with a record high notification of 24 lakhs cases; an increase of over 12% as compared to 2018. Of the 24 lakhs TB cases,(1) 21.6 lakhs were incident TB cases (New and Relapse/ Recurrent). This amount to an incident notification rate of approximately 159 cases/lakh against the estimated incidence rate of 199 cases/ lakh population; thus, closing the gap between the estimated and notified incident cases to just 40 Cases per lakh population, or an approximate of 5.4 lakh missing cases across India.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1717
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 3 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1842
2022-07-09T05:54:56Z
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COVID-19 causes more mortality of men than women, why and how? Scientists view
Ahmed, MSA Mansur
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-3456
As of August 6, 2020, 15;46 GMT COVID -19 cases were 19,062,200 and deaths were 712,741(1). Since the inception of Covid-19, countries around the world are reporting the mortality rate of COVID-19 is significantly higher in men than it is in women. In almost all countries where data is available, it appears men are dying at a higher rate once infected with COVID-19 (2). Research suggests that mast cells in women are able to initiate a more active immune response, which may help them fight infectious diseases better than men. Initial reports from China revealed the early evidence of increased male mortality associated with COVID. According to the Global Health 50/50 research initiative, nearly every country is now reporting significantly higher COVID-19-related mortality rates in males than in females as of June 4 (3). As regards sex of the first deaths reported by the China National Health Commission (NHC) a review was done. The NHC reported the details of the first 17 deaths up to 24 pm on January 22, 2020. The deaths included 13 males and 4 females (4). According to the WHO Situation Report no. 7 issued on Jan. 27,71% of cases were male. (5)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1842
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 3 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1899
2022-07-09T04:41:00Z
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Vaccination during a pandemic - a public health challenge
Ahmed , Faruqueuddin
Khaja Bandanawaz University, Kalaburagi, Karnataka
Since the emergence of COVID 19 virus, scientists all over the world are working at breakneck speed to develop a vaccine. Development of a vaccine is not a competitive race to the finish as it must pass through a stringent process of evaluation. The process includes vaccines’ immunogenicity, duration of immunity, efficacy of protection, interaction with other antigens, dosage, route of administration, packaging, and thermostability and expected adverse events and safety. Efficacy of a new vaccine is measured in clinical trials under ideal conditions, whereas its effectiveness is measured in the field under actual program conditions. (1) In normal circumstances, vaccine development is a prolonged process, averaging over 10 years from start to finish (2). To meet the urgent, need a COVID 19 vaccine may be available in a much shorter-term frame, at the earliest in 18 months.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2020-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1899
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 32 No. 4 (2020)
eng
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2068
2021-05-14T11:40:11Z
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Have we forgotten about the Person with Disabilities for COVID 19 Vaccination – A need of the hour!!!
Boratne, Abhijit Vinodrao
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry
Sasinthar, Karthikayini
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry
Persons with disabilities (PwDs) are less likely to access health care facilities, education, and employment in their day-to-day life. They are more likely to experience higher rates of neglect and abuse. The present COVID-19 pandemic situation has further affected the PwDs in terms of physical and social neglect. Moreover, the concept of social distancing, using a face mask, and following cough hygiene, which is fundamental in controlling the spread of COVID 19, is likely to be followed by the person with an intellectual impairment since they are highly dependent on their caretakers for their day to day activities. This scenario is even worse with PwDs who are living in congregate settings like residential camps, nursing facilities, and psychiatric institutions where infectivity is very higher. Thus a pronged approach is needed to assure that PwDs are not left behind during the times of pandemic. This paper argues that PwDs, because of their increased risk for exposure to COVID-19 and its consequences of developing morbidity and even possible deaths, should be prioritized in vaccination strategies. Otherwise, they will be left behind, experiencing disproportionate loss of lives and livelihoods, inaccessible health care services, and disconnection from society.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2021-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2068
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 33 No. 1 (2021)
eng
Copyright (c) 2021 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2210
2022-07-09T04:54:21Z
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COVID Infodemic is turning public into Covidiots: What can be done?
Kumar, Neeta
Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-9780
Kumar, Sanjiv
Chairperson, Indian Academy of Public Health, IPHA, Former ED, NHSRC and Senior Advisor, UNICEF
An unprecedented pandemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) has overwhelmed the health systems of countries across the world. The government and other scientific bodies are providing authentic information to educate the public and promote desirable behavior to prevent new infections and reduce deaths. COVID-19 pandemic is the first in human history in which social media and new digital technologies are being used as key tools to inform the public. However, there is a lot of misinformation also being spread through these channels. Misinformation is false, inaccurate, or misleading information that is communicated regardless of an intention to deceive. Access to social media has improved substantially, which has contributed to spread of misinformation. Today, anybody can write anything on social media such as Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook, TikTok, YouTube etc without any evidence or falsely attribute the wrong information to well-known experts or renowned institutions. They may be doing it to support their own biases or malign the government purposefully or innocently without checking authenticity. The number of mentions in media for Ebola were 11.1 million, for MERS, 23.2 million, HIV, 40 million, SARS, 56.2 million and COVID19 it has crossed 1.1 billion.3. A google search for COVID 19 on 08 June 2021 gave 5340 million hits compared to 216 million for a much older disease HIV/AIDS. This editorial is an attempt to help spot the false information and deal with it.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2021-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2210
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021)
eng
Copyright (c) 2021 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2216
2021-11-02T06:01:51Z
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Challenges in Vaccine Acceptance– A Framework & Toolkit for the COVID -19 Battle
Ravikumar, Thanjavur S
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-0114
Kakkar, Rakesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
Kalidoss, Vinoth Kumar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-6209
During the first wave of this COVID-19 pandemic, India’s performance was relatively superior among the countries that had their first cases in January 2020. We grouped these countries as ‘January Cohort’ and analysed their relative performance (IJCH, April 2020), supporting India’s management. Fast forward to the present, India’s performance is woefully lacking, accounting for 30% of daily cases and 31% daily deaths with 18% of the world population [Worldometer Coronavirus database, June1,2021). On this same day, 50% of the countries worldwide (110 of 222) reported no deaths and 25% (57) without any daily new cases. Thus, we have faltered with a series of public health missteps despite a good start.
The latest and the most remarkable failure of India is the vaccination, despite being the world’s foremost producer. Many of the poor performers initially in the January Cohort, such as UK and USA, focused on ‘vaccinating their way out of the pandemic’ since the roll out of vaccines in December2020. The results are in display starting February 2021- to date, with cases/ deaths on decline in these countries, while India is in a reverse direction. On June 1st, UK reported no COVID-19 deaths and USA had about 31% decline of 14-day moving average.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2021-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2216
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021)
eng
Copyright (c) 2021 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2276
2022-07-08T05:08:24Z
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Bracing for a resurgence of Covid in a 3rd Wave: Uttarakhand Saga
Roy, Debabrata
Government Doon Medical College, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Sinha, Richa
Government Doon Medical College, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5393
Deepshikha
Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-341X
Evidently, the resurgence of COVID in a 2nd wave happened due largely to ‘Risk Compensation’ by the community, exacerbated by extreme risk behavior of the community. ‘Risk compensation’ or ‘Peltzman effect’, where there is an attitudinal shift underestimating the risk and subsequent complacency in observing due measures is almost an axiomatic phenomenon and this was being predicted in case of COVID too(1). However the scale, extent and intensity of the re-surgence (second wave) which was exponential & ‘asymptotic‘ was unwarranted, also unprecedented. That this re-surgence was a predictable phenomenon and needed pro-active & pragmatic strategizing/ decision making (which would affect community behavior vis a vis religious congregation and or other public events abetting gathering of crowd etc) was not unknown.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2021-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2276
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 33 No. 4 (2021)
eng
Copyright (c) 2021 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2285
2022-07-08T07:08:11Z
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"210930 2021 eng "
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Deteriorating human microbiome – An emerging global health challenge
Bansal, Rahul
Subharti Medical College Meerut, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005
The study of human microbiome and its relationship with health and disease is one of the most exciting areas of research in health all over the world, especially after the failure of human genome project to deliver its expected results.
Our body is composed of 30 trillion human cells. But it is host to close to 100 trillion bacterial and fungal cells. 70 – 90% of all cells in our body are non human. They reside on every inch of our skin, in our nose, mouth, ears, in our oesophagus, stomach and most abundantly in our gut. They are not a random phenomenon but have co-evolved with us humans over millions of years. Collectively these bacteria weigh about 3 pounds. The more we read about research on microbiome or microbiota, the name given to all these friendly symbiotic partners, the more we get interested in their role in health and disease.
According to Martin J. Blaser, director of the Human Microbiome Program, who has also served as the president of Infectious Disease Society of America, in his best seller ‘Missing Microbes' (1), “It is our microbiome that keeps us healthy and parts of it are disappearing. The reason for this disaster is all around us – overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals, caesarean sections and widespread use of sanitizers and antiseptics, to name just a few.”
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2021-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2285
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 33 No. 3 (2021)
eng
Copyright (c) 2021 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2300
2022-10-08T05:53:20Z
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Omicron: The new variant of concern needs preparedness, not panic
Kishore, Surekha
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-8621
Venkatesh, U
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-9364 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-9364
SARS-CoV-2 continues to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On November 26, the World Health Organization (WHO) labeled the omicron type as a covid-19 variant of concern, prompting travel restrictions, a rush to accelerate booster immunization programmes, and new attempts to address vaccination disparities. According to the WHO, omicron is a "very high" concern throughout the world, and preliminary research indicates that it may be a more transmissible type, leading to infection surges (1,2). The Indian government keeps a close eye on the issue and gives appropriate guidelines as needed.
Omicron threat will depend on its transmissibility, Virulence, and capacity to evade immunity in those previously vaccinated or infected. Even if the disease is milder, the rapid onslaught of the virus could overwhelm health care systems (doubling time of 2.5 days means 50X increase in 2 weeks) (3). We should ensure mitigation plans are in place to maintain essential health services and that necessary resources are in place to respond to potential surges.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2022-03-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2300
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 34 No. 1 (2022)
eng
Copyright (c) 2022 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2409
2023-11-30T08:23:26Z
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Combating COVID-19 with Proficiency and Precision
Garg, Suneela
Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospitals, New Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2196-1607
Singh, Pallavi
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9115-9540
Aggarwal, Pradeep
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-0483
It has been two years since the first case of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) was detected in India in the state of Kerala in March 2020. (1) The Government and the citizens of India have united together to combat the virus since then. India is the largest democracy in the world and the second highest populous country with an estimated 1.36 billion population. The country has witnessed three major waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the past 3 years, the second being the worse. In the month of June 2022, India has reported a cumulative total of approximately 4.34 crore confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 511,903 deaths. The state of Maharashtra has been the worst effected in all three waves. Presently the recovery rate from COVID-19 in India has crossed 98%. (2)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2022-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2409
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 34 No. 2 (2022)
eng
Copyright (c) 2022 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2478
2022-11-27T08:37:07Z
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Why do we need Lifestyle Medicine?
Bansal, Rahul
Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
“While the search for the magic bullets continues, other studies are revealing that the environment in which the individuals’ lives and his manner of living are of great importance in determining his susceptibility to the diseases of modern times.”
Rene Dubos
(Mirage of Health-Utopias, Progress, and Biological change, 1959)(1)
This quote by one of the greatest microbiologist of 20th century is even more relevant today where Non-communicable diseases have taken the center stage in the world as well as in India. The impact of NCD’s in India is quite alarming. NCD’s account for 60%of all deaths and 53% of disease burden, over 20% of the population in India has at least one chronic disease, NCD’s are estimated to cost India 62 million during the period 2012 – 2030.(2)
Most of these NCD’s are related to some common risk factors like lack of physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, unhealthy diet, stressful lifestyle, lack of adequate sleep. That is the reason NCD’s are now being called as lifestyle diseases and interestingly, most of the NCD’s are preventable (and some of the important ones also reversible in early stages) through lifestyle approaches also being called as ‘Lifestyle Medicine’.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2022-09-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2478
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 34 No. 3 (2022)
eng
Copyright (c) 2022 Indian Journal of Community Health
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2495
2023-01-02T06:19:53Z
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Public Health Management a Curative Tool for the Public Health Related Problems
Bali, Surya
All India Institutes of Medical Sciences Bhopal Madhya Pradesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6694-0025
Health always remains a core component in the life of human beings and considered as a major instrument of overall socio-economic development. Concept of health has been defined and understood in different ways by different cultures. The two major division of medicine namely curative and preventive medicine came into light at the close of 19th century. Although origin of Medicine and Public health goes back to ancient Greek mythology, Asclepius was the Greek god of Healing. He was the son of Apollo and the Coronis. Asclepius was married to Epione, with whom he had five daughters: Hygieia, Panacea, Aceso, Iaso, and Aglaea. Hygieia was the goddess of health, cleanliness and hygiene. Follower of panacea practiced curative medicine and were called healer and followers of Hygieia were called as Hygienist or Public Health experts (1). Concept of Public Health came from this hygienist category of healthcare personals.
The Constitution of the World Health Organization, which came into force on April 7, 1948, defines health “as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.”(2) In today’s world more emphasis is given on physical health and most of the resources are diverted for the care of physical health especially for the medical treatment. Other domains of health care remain neglected.
Public health applies to the holistic approach for the care of health. Physical health is best taken care by the judicious mix of public health and medical domain of health. The evolution of concepts of public health tries to address new challenges of population health like non communicable diseases, cancers, accidents, injuries, inequities, increasing cost of care, poor quality of care, and poor patient satisfaction etc.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2022-12-31 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2495
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 34 No. 4 (2022)
eng
Copyright (c) 2022 Surya Bali
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2566
2023-04-17T03:55:11Z
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Influenza outbreak in India: A course ahead
Saxena, Vartika
All India Institute Of Medical Science Rishikesh, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-0565
Mishra, Ashutosh
All India Institute Of Medical Science Rishikesh, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-5617
“Influenza” is commonly known as “flu” caused by a single-stranded RNA virus. There are four types of Influenza viruses A, B, C and D, of which type A and B are mainly known to cause respiratory tract infection in humans, especially during the winter and post-monsoon season. It is transmitted rapidly through infectious droplets in crowded places, including schools and hospitals.[1] The incubation period of influenza ranges from1 to 4 days with its period of communicability ranges from one day before the onset of symptoms to 7 days after the symptoms begin.[2] It has already caused multiple pandemics in the past, with a recent one in year 2009 was caused by the Influenza subtype A H1N1 variant (pdm09). Millions of deaths have occurred during these pandemics. The vulnerable population like under-five children, elderly people (? 65years of age), pregnant women, and people with comorbidity like diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart disease, chronic liver disease and immunocompromised conditions (i.e., HIV/ AIDS, malignancy, individuals on chemotherapy or steroid) are at higher risk of developing severe illness due to infection by Influenza viruses.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2023-03-31 11:28:13
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2566
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 35 No. 1 (2023)
eng
Copyright (c) 2023 Vartika Saxena
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2590
2023-10-31T15:22:59Z
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The Elephant’s Tail of VAPP, VDPV in the Polio End Game
Tiwari, Abhishek
Motilal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-6152
Singh, Shivendra K
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-0561
Manar, Manish
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8024-937X
Bajpai, Prashant K
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-5685
A lot have been achieved by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative since 1988 after World Health Assembly passed the resolution to eradicate polio. Today, we have decreased the global polio incidence by 99.9% since GPEIs started working. We still have to remove polio from the few leftover pockets and get rid of the final 0.1% of polio cases. We have gained in positive terms that an estimated 16 million people today are walking and more than 1.5 million are alive because of the stakeholders’ strong, strategic and cooperative action. The journey to the last mile has some different difficulties and this article tries to provide additional insights into the strategies to achieve our goal of Polio eradication.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2023-06-30 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2590
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 35 No. 2 (2023)
eng
Copyright (c) 2023 Abhishek Tiwari, Dr. Shivendra Kumar Singh, Dr. Manish Manar, Dr. Prashant Kumar Bajpai
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2700
2023-11-23T04:29:54Z
IJCH:EDT
"230930 2023 eng "
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Role of Mass media & Academia in Disaster Resilience
Chaturvedi, Manish
National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1233-6401
Shah, Dheeraj
National Institute of Health & Family Welfare
Mass media campaign is an oft-used strategy to raise knowledge and awareness about common health issues among the public. With advancements in technology and an increase in the accessibility of the internet to the citizens, public awareness increases manifold, thus urging better adherence to essential public health measures. (1) Media and communication plays a crucial role in disaster management by disseminating information about the disasters, educating public about disaster, highlighting vulnerable zones, timely warnings and alerts, reporting of disaster events, gathering and transmitting information about affected areas, assisting in rescue and relief operations, disseminating information about public safety, informing and alerting the concern authorities and government officials, assisting volunteers, relief organizations etc.(2).
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2023-09-30 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2700
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 35 No. 3 (2023)
eng
Copyright (c) 2023 Manish Chaturvedi, Dheeraj Shah
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2802
2024-01-20T14:55:42Z
IJCH:EDT
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Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra: The Health Perspective
Bano, Tanveer
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2266-3406
Varghese, Anila
Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
In 2023, India became the most populated country in the world with a population of 1.42 billion, providing it potential for significant economic growth by leveraging the demographic dividend.(1,2) As India becomes the global super power that the nation has potential to be, it is imperative to prioritize the well-being of the citizens. The government, being the elected representative body of people, holds the responsibility for ensuring the welfare of the masses. The Government of India periodically introduces welfare programs to cater to a diverse spectrum of the population.(3) As per the 2022 Union Budget, there are 740 central sector schemes.(4) The effectiveness of any program lies in its ability to reach its eligible beneficiaries. Unfortunately, several welfare schemes provided by the government do not reach its eligible recipients due to lack of awareness.(5) An information drought occurs, especially in rural areas despite the government’s best efforts in creating awareness through radio, TV, print or online media.(6)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2023-12-31 00:00:00
application/pdf
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2802
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 35 No. 4 (2023)
eng
Copyright (c) 2023 Tanveer Bano, Anila Varghese
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2828
2024-03-27T04:07:05Z
IJCH:EDT
"240229 2024 eng "
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Reimagining Healthcare Equity: Advocating for Inclusion of Septorhinoplasty under Ayushman Bharat PMJAY
Bali, Kulbhushan
Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Karnataka https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6993-890X
Kulkarni, Annarao
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Karnataka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-143X
Das, Deepthy
Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Karnataka
MohanS, Nidhi
Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Karnataka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-9413
Mallekavu, Phaneendra
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Karnataka
Septo-rhinoplasty, commonly known as nose reshaping surgery, has long been associated with cosmetic enhancements in urban centers. However, it's crucial to recognize the transformative impact Septo-rhinoplasty can have in rural India, extending beyond aesthetics to address significant health and social aspects. In rural areas, where access to specialized medical care is limited, individuals often bear the physical and psychological burdens of nasal deformities without recourse. Congenital anomalies, trauma, and functional impairments due to a misshapen nose can adversely affect a person's quality of life. Septo-rhinoplasty emerges as a beacon of hope, offering not just cosmetic improvements but substantial functional benefits.
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2024-02-29 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2828
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 36 No. 1 (2024)
eng
Copyright (c) 2024 Kulbhushan Bali, Annarao Kulkarni, Deepthy Das, Nidhi Mohan S, Phaneendra Mallekavu
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2882
2024-03-27T04:07:05Z
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Zoonotic Diseases: A Changing Landscape Demands Global Action
Naithani, Priyanka
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8602-4367
Bahurupi, Yogesh
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-1624
Singh, Meenu
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
During recent years, the globe-wide zoonotic disease landscape has evolved drastically posing significant challenges to the health of the individual and environmental sustainability. Zoonotic illnesses, which occur in animals and are transmission-capable to people, have been an ever-present risk throughout history. According to the “World Health Organization (WHO)”, an estimated 60% of known infectious diseases and around 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin. These illnesses have the potential to inflict widespread morbidity and mortality, along with severe economic losses. However, today's dynamics of our changing environment, which include urbanization, climate change, and growing human-animal interaction, are increasing the probability of zoonotic spillover occurrences. (1) The worldwide spread of the consequences of zoonotic illnesses underscores the critical need for collective effort through international leadership frameworks integrating government, private industry, and civil society. “The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA)” and the WHO are collaborating on projects to address these concerns and improve global health security. The WHO launched the "One Health Joint Plan of Action," which intends to inscribe health hazards to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. It emphasizes the interconnection of human, animal, and environmental health. (2)
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
2024-02-29 00:00:00
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2882
Indian Journal of Community Health; Vol. 36 No. 1 (2024)
eng
Copyright (c) 2024 Yogesh Bahurupi, Meenu Singh, Priyanka