2024-03-29T12:08:19Z
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/index/oai
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/337
2018-06-01T08:02:09Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/337
2018-06-01T08:02:09Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 25 No. 3 (2013); 324-326
MIRACLES-CURSES OF PAIN MANAGEMENT: A HUMBLE PLEA FOR CONSCIENTIOUS USE OF OPIOIDS
Gupta, Deepak
2013-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/337
en_US
Pain has been recognized as global public health concern [1] and inadequate pain management has been called public health crisis [2] with over six million people annually suffering across the world due to inaccessibility to controlled medications [3]. However, aggressively overcoming inadequacies in non-acute pain management has its costs too [4]; and societies that are at infantile stages in regards to managing these pains (chronic and cancer pains) in their patient population should not compare themselves with the fore-runners in pain management only in terms of per capita consumption of medicinal morphine equivalents [5] for pain relief.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/362
2018-06-01T08:01:27Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/362
2018-06-01T08:01:27Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 25 No. 4 (2013); 498-499
Pathogens being replaced with allergens or immunogens: a theoretical perspective
Gupta, D
2013-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/362
en_US
In a recent article, Silverberg et al (1) reinstated the skewed epidemiology of allergic diseases across the continents by documenting in their study that compared to children born in United States, foreign-born children have significantly low incidence of allergic diseases; however this favorable allergic disease profile among children born outside United States is lost after living in United States for a decade and over. Though these results bring to attention the hygiene hypothesis (2-4) as the underlying mechanism, it is important to realize how the hygiene hypothesis evolves into this observed transcontinental skew. First of all, the human cells have evolved to counter biological pathogens wherein sometimes these cells fail to adequately counter these pathogens resulting in self-limiting diseases or complicated illnesses. Secondly, these same human cells become confused when dealing with the abundance of chemical “pathogens” (allergens or immunogens) because the cidal (killer) activity that is stimulated by living biological pathogens to eventually annihilate the inciting stimulants, cannot direct its killing power to non-living chemical “pathogens”. Therefore, this induced-killing power is often misdirected to the invaded human body itself resulting in allergy or auto-immunity. This does not mean that we should revert back to pre-hygiene era with rampant epidemics caused by the biological pathogens.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/386
2018-06-01T08:00:27Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/386
2018-06-01T08:00:27Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 26 No. 1 (2014); 119-121
Bubble Burst vs. Defused Bubble: A Humble Opinion for When You are Sick
Gupta, Deepak
2014-03-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/386
en_US
When you are sick, all hell breaks loose. Solutions have problems and society may not have all the answers. When you are sick, you (or your society) may choose one of the many options for helping you override the tide of sickness. Basically four scenarios can reflect all types of healthcare. The best scenario can be that you can try age-old understanding of living life simpler and healthier in terms of quality of life. Quantity of life is secondary to the primary goal of quality of life. You should develop resilience in resisting the covert assaults of modifiable risk factors. Health promotion and disease prevention should be allowed to replace the currently overenthusiastic culture towards curing diseases. The health care is like a multifaceted (multipronged and non-spherical) balloon. This multipronged healthcare balloon will never be air-less but at least we can aim to achieve that only air-left (compressed air energy) inside the balloon are the catastrophes that are not made by us and hence, out of an individual’s direct control.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/431
2018-06-01T07:59:51Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/431
2018-06-01T07:59:51Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 26 No. 3 (2014); 320-321
Status of carcinoma cervix and high risk HPV 16 DNA in women with postmenopausal uterine bleeding (PMB)
Kashyap, Veena
Hedau, Suresh
2014-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/431
en_US
Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a discharge that occurs following the firm diagnosis of menopause, which is at least six months from the end of women’s menstrual cycle but not to be confused with infrequent or irregular periods occurring around the time of menopause. It is a common problem representing 5% of all gynecology outpatient attendances which are to eliminate endometrial cancer as the cause of bleed and PMB should be reported urgently to the gynecologist. Uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women is highly indicative clinically of malignancy originating from cervix or endometrium and Human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the causative agent for carcinoma cervix. Incidence of carcinoma cervix increases with the age in mature women, however, incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection reduces as menopause sets in. The presence of the virus could be used as an early indication of disease potential. Because the Pap test can only detect clinical evidence of cervical disease, molecular-based diagnostic tools are being used more frequently to detect the virus before abnormal cell growth can be observed. This study was aimed to determine the status of cervical cancer and HPV 16 DNA positivity in relation to postmenopausal bleeding.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/457
2018-06-01T07:55:14Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/457
2018-06-01T07:55:14Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 26 No. 4 (2014); 448-449
Universal CAGE-WANT Questionnaire: “Think & Fill in the Suspect, Self-Assess and Screen! You May Need Help For, What You Have Filled In!”
Gupta, Deepak
2014-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/457
en_US
In 1970, John A. Ewing [1] developed CAGE questionnaire for identifying hidden alcoholism. It has been almost a half-century since 1970s [2] and CAGE questionnaire has expanded its promise and utility in identifying other addictions like for drug use as CAGE-AID in 1990s [3] and for personal electronic devices as University of Rochester Modified CAGE Questions in 2010s [4]. It seems the time is ripe to document a Universal CAGE Questionnaire (Table 1): Universal CAGE-WANT Questionnaire) wherein any and every subject of fascination and/or any and every human urge to WANT can be incorporated for self-assessment and/or screening to identify addiction for the suspected and tested WANT.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/458
2018-06-01T07:55:12Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/458
2018-06-01T07:55:12Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 26 No. 4 (2014); 450
Lifestyle measures for primary prevention of T2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Ahmed, M S A Mansur
2014-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/458
en_US
Worldwide, the number of adults with diabetes was 285 million in 2010 and it will be 439 million in the year 2030. Although the genes we inherit may influence the development of type 2 diabetes, they take a back seat to behavioral and lifestyle factors. Data from the Nurses’ Health Study suggest that 90 percent of type 2 diabetes in women can be attributed to five such factors: excess weight, lack of exercise, a less-than-healthy diet, smoking, and abstaining from alcohol. From this data it can be said that up to 90 percent of diabetes prevention is possible with behavioral and lifestyle factors intervention. This intervention should be given to the people through primary prevention. The purpose of primary prevention is to limit the number of people who develop a disease by controlling causes and risk factors for the disease.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/594
2018-06-01T07:29:16Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/594
2018-06-01T07:29:16Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 27 No. 3 (2015); 411-412
Transfer Out Patient Not Abandon The Patient
Gupta, Deepak
2015-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/594
en_US
Physician-patient relationship is unique in some aspects and not-so-unique in other aspects when compared to other human interactions. Until-unless for the sake of health promotional activities, this relationship is almost always conceived in the times of human sufferings and consequently culminated when those sufferings have subsided as well as sought out happiness has ensued/been achieved. However, not all physician-patient relationships follow the normal course and/or meet the natural ends. These abnormal relationships are not inconsequential in terms of numbers and/or their effects (short-term and long term) on both patients and physicians. Every country has its own baggage in the wake of why, how and what about these abnormal ends to physician-patient relationships; however, the most common causes are the patients’ inability to pay their medical bills, the conflicting goals of physicians and their patients in regards to patients’ sufferings’ management and finally the behavioral issues (patients’ and/or physicians’) interfering these relationships. Irrespective of any cause, the physicians should never forget that the patient can always discharge their physicians and discontinue their relationship with their physicians without any reason (until unless the physicians deem those patients either incapable/non-consentable to do so and/or potential threat to their own personal safety or other people’s safety). Contrarily, physicians can also discharge patients from their care but cannot abandon these patients (1-3) which mean that physicians have to ensure their discharged patients either are referred to or have sought another physician within appropriate time frame post-relationship-discontinuation. Each country has their own medico-legal liabilities that vary in terms of penalties imposed; however, irrespective of the feared legal concerns, the physicians should not forget that ethical essence of medicine is the art of healing that does not encompass part of deserting patients but rather appropriate transferring of patient care to accepting/receptive fellow brethren/colleagues. The transfer of care does not mean that a particular physician has failed to perform his/her duties for his/her patients rather that the particular relationship with a particular patient has failed to meet its ends. Therefore without abandoning the patient, the patient is given ample and honest opportunity to be transferred out to another physician with the sincere hope that the discharged patient will be able to achieve relief of his/her suffering with the new physician-patient relationship meeting their goals and means-to-the-ends. The one thing that need not be forgotten is that the terminated physician-patient relationship can always be revived if the causative concerns have been resolved in the interim and if the medico-legal laws and ethical practices allow the relationships’ revival. In summary, it is prerogative of the patient (whose suffering made him/her to reach out to a physician and enter in a physician-patient relationship in the first place) when he/she wants to and decides to terminate physician-patient relationship; whereas the prerogative of the physician is to recognize a dysfunctional physician-patient relationship early-on so that corrective measures (if possible) can be executed, and if that is not possible, then instead of patient abandonment, patients may be appropriately and timely transferred out off failed physician-patient relationship.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/821
2022-06-13T09:33:14Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/821
2022-06-13T09:33:14Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 30 No. 1 (Supp) (2018); 101-102
Why Need for National Expert Group Technical Consultation on Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Aggarwal, Pradeep; Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun – 248016 Uttarakhand
2018-04-25
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/821
Iron deficiency anemia
en_US
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in India. It impacts the lives of millions of mothers and children in our country through impaired health, development, quality of life and productivity. The Government of India initiated National Iron-plus Initiative Programme (NIPI) for Control of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in 2013 with an aim to prevent and treat anaemia amongst different age groups, namely i) 6-59 months; ii) 6-10 years; iii) 11-19 years, iv) Pregnant and lactating Mothers, and v) Women in Reproductive age group.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/848
2022-06-13T09:55:13Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/848
2022-06-13T09:55:13Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018); 175 - 176
The need of Palliative care model in cancer patients in India-A long overdue
Kaushal, Kanica; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Bhattacharya, Sudip; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Singh, Amarjeet; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
2018-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/848
Palliative care
India
Cancer
Community based care
en_US
WHO defined palliative care as “an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual.” (1)
The concept of palliative care was introduced in the mid-1980s in India. McDermott E et al found Kerala to have 83 palliative care services as against 139 in the whole of the country in 2008. (2)
The community palliative care projects of northern Kerala and the Neighborhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC) is a solution to achieve meaningful coverage and care for the terminally ill. They demonstrate the way to "Palliative Care for All". (3)
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/947
2022-06-13T10:07:54Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/947
2022-06-13T10:07:54Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 30 No. 3 (2018); 303 - 306
Are We Educating, Our Children, About Hygiene? Are We Talking, With Them, About It?
Gupta, Deepak; Wayne State University
2018-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/947
Hygiene
Toilet Training
Toilet Facilities
Perineum
Health Promotion
Health Education
Penile Neoplasms
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Anus Neoplasms
en_US
Cancer screening has always focused on screening lone individuals even when sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been traditionally known to require concurrent treatment of all current sexual partners. This shared responsibility towards the sexual partners cannot be limited only to the prevention and treatment of STDs, especially when human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a STD, has been implicated in the etio-pathogenesis of cervical, penile and anal cancers besides other perineal cancers. Consequently, educating Indian population about our personal perineal hygienic practices is of utmost importance to help curtailing the non-“contagious” spread of cancers.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/954
2022-07-12T11:18:01Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/954
2022-07-12T11:18:01Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 31 No. 1 (2019); 153 - 154
“Dear Peers! Are You “Free to Learn” For Your Kin?”
Gupta, Deepak; Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center, Box No 162, 3990 John R, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
2019-03-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/954
BLS
CPR
Kin
en_US
I have stories to tell. More than a decade ago and ironically almost a decade after my graduation from medical school, I trained and got certified in basic life support (BLS) skills because I did NOT want to fail my family, my friends and my patients as I had desired to NOT fail my conscience as a physician. I will tell you this that you will never regret honing BLS skills whenever you will see the smiles on the faces of revived and you will never forget when not forgiven – by else and/or by self – for your reluctance in knowing what’s expected from you especially as a physician. Even though my natural desire to hone BLS skills was born in the times when it was NOT mandated, my free will to care for my family, my friends and my patients had always brought me back to BLS training centers for revisiting my skills again and again, years after years. Essentially, I have recognized Brain-Heart-Lungs as the Trinity of Life and hereafter I plead to all my peers irrespective of which stage of career they are in: “Please hone your BLS skills, at least be a Heartsaver®, for your kin so that when your kin, your beloved, needs your help, you don’t delay providing help compared to leaving “To go find one”
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/956
2022-06-13T10:20:08Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/956
2022-06-13T10:20:08Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 30 No. 4 (2018); 411 - 414
Suicide: Managing self-directed violence?
Gupta, Deepak; Wayne State University
Kumar, Sarwan; Wayne State University
2018-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/956
Switzerland
Thoughtlessness
Mindfulness
Physician Suicide
Self-Directed Violence
en_US
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have put forth recommendations to document events in terms of well-defined categories of self-directed violence even though the evolution of terminology for decriminalization and de-stigmatization from “self-murder” to “suicide” to “self-directed violence” may be just avoiding calling a spade a spade. Suicide causes mortality (and morbidity if suicide attempt) in an individual leading to (a) physical suffering to others by injuring them during-and-after the act, (b) psychological toll on the next-of-kin, and (c) isolation of society due to its suicide-statistics and economic losses with overall loss of spirit to pursue happiness potentially resulting more mortality if morbidity becomes too severe for the affected. What is the story (myth) instigating an individual to commit (or think of committing) the act of self-directed violence? And what is the story (myth) in the society that is allowing the act in some instances while prohibiting and sometimes even punishing the act in other instances? We believe that Switzerland can provide an apt example to understand suicide. Swiss ideology may inspire societies around the world to recognize their stories (myths) when they scientifically decipher prevalence of self-directed violence “suicide” even in nonhuman animals. Consequently, astounding statistics of physician suicide call for action from physicians’ community to understand peers when none can remain untouched by harsh reality of unique stress which physicians’ workspace entails. One of the possible remedies may be thoughtlessness (a form of meditation) which may require strenuous practicing; however, the first step towards achieving it may possibly involve mindfulness (another form of meditation) inspiring peers to learn the need to refocus onto whatever good there is over whatever better there could have been. Essentially, the conception of birth and the birth itself is always planned to be joyful; and the embrace of death itself and the life after death is always purported to be peaceful.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/1804
2022-07-09T05:52:20Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1804
2022-07-09T05:52:20Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 32 No. 4 (2020); 757-759
Intentional self-harm associated mortality among U.S. White physicians, nurses, lawyers & judges
Gupta, Deepak; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Kumar, Sarwan; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Chakrabortty, Shushovan; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
2020-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/1804
Physicians
Nursing
Lawyers
Suicide
en_US
The mortality associated factors can be quantified in terms of proportionate mortality ratios (PMR) per National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) data. Therefore, we explored NOMS data for the United States (U.S.) occupational workers’ mortality during 1999, 2003-2004, 2007-2014 to compare physicians’ mortality associated factors to the mortality associated factors among nurses vs. the mortality associated factors among lawyers & judges. Due to lack of adequate sample sizes of decedents being concurrently present among physicians, nurses, and lawyers & judges of Black race, we were able to tabulate 25 causes of death with significant PMRs among physicians, nurses, and lawyers & judges only of White race. Therein, intentional self harm associated mortality was found to be common among U.S. White physicians, nurses, lawyers & judges.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2077
2021-05-24T05:38:16Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2077
2021-05-24T05:38:16Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 1 (2021); 234 - 235
The Number of Infants with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) added Each Day in India
Kapil, Umesh; Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi
2021-03-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2077
Hepatitis B
en_US
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major global public health problems.HBV infection is the 10th leading cause of death.(1) In India, HBsAg prevalence,(an indicator of chronic HBV infection) among general population ranges from 2% to 8%.(2) HBV vaccination has been integrated in the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) for last 10 years. All new borns are expected to receive HBV vaccination at 0 day and subsequently at 6, 10 and 14 weeks.
Majority of women do not know they are HBV infected. Often they do not have no symptoms. When a pregnant woman has hepatitis B, it can spread to her baby at birth. This can happen during a vaginal delivery or a c-section. Babies and young children can also get hepatitis B from close contact with family members or others who might be infected. When babies become infected with hepatitis B, they have about a 90% chance of developing a lifelong, chronic infection.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2153
2022-07-09T06:01:21Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2153
2022-07-09T06:01:21Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021); 415 - 416
Project Pre-mortem using Prospective Hindsight: An Unexplored Tool to address Healthcare Projects Implementation barriers.
Joshi, Abhishek; Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (M), Wardha
Mehendale, Ashok M; Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (M), Wardha
2021-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2153
Project Premortem
Prospective Hindsight
Healthcare Project management
en_US
Many Healthcare initiatives & Projects are planned in Healthcare sector and usually after the initial sensitization sessions and Brainstorming among stakeholders the Projects are implemented. Monitoring and Review/Evaluation is done at the end of Project duration or during some specifically decided time interval as per standard practices.
Strength, weakness, opportunities & threat (SWOT) analysis or critical evaluation/analysis is done. If the Project Objectives are not achieved as expected the insights gained by these methods are used as lessons learnt which are to be kept in Mind while planning for next cycle of the project or while planning some new Project if relevant to it. This end of project evaluation is in fact post-mortem of the project.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2208
2022-07-09T06:00:40Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2208
2022-07-09T06:00:40Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021); 414
The COWIN portal – current update, personal experience and future possibilities
Gupta, Mukund ; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Goel, Akhil Dhanesh ; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
Pankaj Bhardwaj; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
2021-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2208
COWIN
COVID VACCINE
en_US
India began one of the biggest COVID-19 vaccination drives on 16 January 2021, marking the beginning of the mammoth effort to vaccinate more than 1.3 billion people. The vaccination programme to protect people has started globally to combat the pandemic, which has killed more than 3.1 million people globally and infected 149 million people as of 29 April (1).
India started its vaccine drive with two vaccines- Covishield by the Serum Institute of India and Covaxin by Bharat Biotech. Around 12,000 private hospitals, empanelled under PM-JAY (National Health Insurance), and hospitals under the CGHS (Central Government Health Scheme) are the vaccination sites. The monitoring of inoculation drive and to track the listed beneficiaries on a real-time basis, Co-WIN application has been developed for planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the whole drive in India. This software was developed by Union Health Ministry, and their experience with electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) software has ensured the versatility and utility of this dedicated Co-WIN software(2)
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2213
2022-07-09T05:59:57Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2213
2022-07-09T05:59:57Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021); 413
Peer Pressure of Publishing or Perishing (PPPP)
Gupta, Divya; Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
2021-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2213
Research
Publication
en_US
Researchers create or improvise knowledge by innovating concepts, methods and/or interpretations. Scientific research and scientific writing seem to be inseparable in this modern world for professional existence. Publications are important to give a thrust and positive boost up in your career. Since last decade, research has taken a new horizon. Medical schools and universities frequently use the quantification of publication as the measure of a scholar’s academic competency. Publications are an essential and sometimes the sole criteria considered during recruitments. The numerical value of the published work is taking a leap step ahead of the quality of research. Scholars, who do not have the aptitude of publishing frequently or who focus more on their clinical work and teaching activities to shape up the undergraduates’ and postgraduates’ future, may find themselves out of this professional race. Each individual faculty of the medical institutions is unique research scholar. There is an upcoming trend that unless they pen down their research, they will be undervalued in the academic workplace. This undue “Peer Pressure of Publishing or Perishing” is floating as the new “Catch Phrase” of the professional era.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2218
2022-07-09T05:58:55Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2218
2022-07-09T05:58:55Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 2 (2021); 411 - 412
The genesis of the second wave and the probable way forward for India
Aravindakshan, Rajeev; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh
Srivastava, Siddharth; Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
2021-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2218
COVID-19
Second Wave
Vaccination
en_US
An unprecedented pandemic affecting 210 countries emerged in the watershed year of 2020 and involved India as well (1). We mined the number of daily cases of three equal periods of importance during the evolution of the pandemic in India, namely 1) initial lockdown (March-April 2020), 2) early days of unlocking (June-July 2020), and 3) second wave (March April 2021). Notice the March 2020 series in [Figure 1] and country-wise cases in [Figure 2], and we can observe that India was able to sustain itself against the first wave of the SARS Coronavirus-2 in a much better way compared to other developed countries. Social lockdown and other preventive strategies paid off even in the face of criticisms regarding lack of preparedness and economic slowdown due to strict enforcement of harsh measures. Soon, there were demands of decentralized control measures with more testing and local containment measures than the centrally dictated regimen. Lockdown was suggested for only local clusters with high positivity rather than a general clampdown (2). The June-July series in [Figure 1] represents the increasing numbers of cases resulting from suspicions, fear-mongering, and resultant relaxation in social restrictions as part of the phase-wise unlocking across the country.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2228
2022-07-08T11:23:22Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2228
2022-07-08T11:23:22Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 33 No. 3 (2021); 539 - 540
COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women: strategies for enhanced coverage
John, Jennifer Britto ; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, OMR- Kelambakkam, Chennai
Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, OMR- Kelambakkam, Chennai
Kandaswamy, Vijayalakshmi ; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, OMR- Kelambakkam, Chennai
2021-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2228
COVID-19
Vaccination registry
Pregnant Women
en_US
Following the recommendations from the National Technical Advisory Group (NTAG) on Immunization, the Government of India approved three vaccines – an inactivated vaccine, Covaxin and two non-replicating vector-based vaccines, Covishield and Sputnik V for restricted use in an emergency for pregnant women.(1)The late approval of vaccination of pregnant women was due to a lack of evidence, because pregnant women were excluded from previous COVID vaccination trials. The restricted use of this vaccine recommended by NTAG also complies with the regulations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. (2-4)
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2357
2023-02-15T06:06:33Z
IJCH:LE
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http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2357
2023-02-15T06:06:33Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 2 (2022); 322 - 323
Diffusion of coronavirus and awareness among the people of western India: Analyses the role of print media
Pandey, Hemant Kumar ; Manipal University Jaipur
Kumar, Subhash ; School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujrat, Gandhinagar
Dixit, Prabhat ; Manipal University Jaipur
2022-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2357
Coronavirus
Newspapers
Health
Disease
Communication
Awareness
Media
en_US
Introduction: Media is considered the most powerful platform to create awareness in human society. It plays an important role in spreading public awareness and disseminating information about pandemic diseases such as coronavirus. A survey through a questionnaire was used and the descriptive analysis of questions as asked to the people on COVID 19 published by the leading newspapers of Rajasthan, western India was done to analyze the role print media played in spreading awareness about Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: The objectives used both quantitative and qualitative methodology. In the quantitative method, a self-structured questionnaire was circulated among the various professionals. A descriptive method of secondary sources was also used to measure the effect of articles and advisements on the people published in the newspapers. Results: A total of 106 various professionals participated in the study. The research reveals that 56 percent of males and 43 percent of females are part of this research; more than 80 percent of respondents belong to the age group of fewer than 40 years. Among the active respondents, 91 percent are said to read the newspaper regularly. The study also shows that 96 percent of respondents are read articles, news, columns related to COVID-19 and particular about Coronavirus. Nearly 91 percent of respondents are in favor that media coverage of COVID-19 has improved their knowledge of Coronavirus. Around 93 percent of respondents agree that media spreading awareness among the people on Coronavirus through newspaper published articles, news, and advisements. The study exhibits that 95 percent of respondents expressed their views that print media has played an active role in disseminating the government directives on Coronavirus and almost 97 percent of the respondents are opined that print media will play a more effective role in spreading awareness on coronavirus. Conclusion: The respondents expressed that print media has played a vital role in spreading awareness on the pandemic of coronavirus disease. The newspaper spread awareness among the people on coronavirus through newspaper published articles, news and advisements. The newspaper also published a variety of queries and doubts as asked by the people to Doctors on coronvirus.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2388
2023-02-15T06:07:00Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2388
2023-02-15T06:07:00Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 2 (2022); 319 - 321
A disappointing Budget -2022 so far as Health Insurance Protection is concerned especially during the critical period of covid influence
Prakash, NS; Manipal Global Academy of BFSI, No. 36, R.K.Hegde Nagar, Chokkanahalli Village, Jakkur Post, Bangalore
2022-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2388
Health Insurance Premium
Section 80 D
Health Insurance Policy
Budget 2022
en_US
The expectations were soaring amongst the general public just before the 2022 budget with hopes in respect of reduced Income Tax rates or increased exemption limits etc. One of the biggest expectations was in respect of upward revision in Section 80 D limits which refers to health insurance premium paid and the same has not been revised for long time. Over the years, the health insurance premium has increased substantially and more so due to huge claims from Covid in last two years. But, much to shock of all Income Tax Payers, the, Section 80 D limits remains untouched. There are also other policies which comes under the broad category of Health Insurance that does not qualify for Income Tax exemption but merits serious consideration. Health Insurance policies are subject to GST of 18% which is certainly too high especially when the Government should have looked at initiating major step to boost the health insurance penetration and make feel people more secured. For an individual to manage one’s health risk properly, he/she need to have more than one type of health insurance policies for adequate amount with all applicable riders or add-on covers which matters and all dependents like spouse, children and parents being completely covered.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2392
2022-12-14T04:03:33Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2392
2022-12-14T04:03:33Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 3 (2022); 451
Impact of Celebrity Suicides on mental health of vulnerable population
Kumar, Santosh; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh
Negi, Sapna; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh
2022-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2392
Suicides
Celebrity
Vulnerable population
en_US
Suicide is culminating into a grave public health concern. Approximately 800,000 people worldwide commit suicide annually, with 3/4th owing to low- middle-income countries.(1) In 2016, the suicide rate in India was 16.5, exceeding the global average of 10.5/1,00,000.(1) Suicide is the deliberate ending of one's own life(2) and primarily done due to persistent sense of despair, depression, drug misuse, and various personal and financial stress factors. One such trigger is suicide by an eminent figure, also known as werthering effect, modelling effect, or copycat suicide. This phenomenon commonly affects the adolescent and younger adults. In India, the 15-29 age group were found most vulnerable.(1) Nearly 5% of consecutive suicides occur after a celebrity death primarily among young, female, and unemployed without being prompted by adverse life circumstances.(3) Given the global gravity of suicide and India's contribution to it, it is critical to identify the psychopathology and risk factors behind it.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2400
2023-02-15T06:07:27Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2400
2023-02-15T06:07:27Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 2 (2022); 317 - 318
Neglected Non-Communicable Diseases-Looking beyond the BIG FOUR
Bhattacharya, Sudip; All India Institute Medical Sciences, Madurai
Bera, Om Prakash; Poornima University Jaipur, Rajasthan
2022-06-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2400
Global Health
Public Health
Chronic Disease
Delivery of Health Care
en_US
In the era of Sustainable Development Goal, we have gone to the next level for achieving SDGs by monitoring and evaluation of SDG indexes,(1) still we conceptualize that public health will face newer challenges in healthcare (SDG-3) in the form of Neglected Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD) in the near future.(2) Poor nations are already facing the heat of double burden of communicable and non-communicable illnesses (NCDs), often known as chronic illnesses, which are characterized by a protracted course and are multifactorial in causation.(3)
Cardiovascular disorders, Cancers, Chronic Respiratory Diseases, and Diabetes are considered as the most common NCDs entitled as BIG FOUR. NCDs disproportionately impact persons in poor countries, where almost three-quarters (31.4 million) of all NCD-related fatalities occur. (2,4–6) The "BIG FOUR" NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, chronic respiratory illnesses, and diabetes) are well-recognized as the leading causes of global health loss, in terms of morbidity and mortality. However, 55 percent of the worldwide burden of NCDs is caused by other NCDs, which are often overlooked in terms of increased premature mortality, increased Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and reduced Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). The share of disease burden caused by “Cancer, COPD, Cardiovascular disease, and Diabetes-the BIG FOUR” is the greatest among all NCDs. However, many additional non-communicable diseases cause a comparable fraction of disease burden but receive less attention than the "BIG FOUR."(2,6)
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2441
2023-01-02T06:19:53Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2441
2023-01-02T06:19:53Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 4 (2022); 577-578
The compelling necessity for improvement in cancer screening in India in this decade
Khan, Yasmin ; International Institute of Health Management Research - International Institute Of Health Management Research Delhi;
Verma, Avani ; International Institute of Health Management Research - International Institute Of Health Management Research Delhi;
Varghese, Anila; King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Mishra, Sidharth Sekhar ; International Institute of Health Management Research - International Institute Of Health Management Research Delhi;
2022-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2441
Cancer Screening
Risk Factors
Early Detection of Cancer
en_US
In 2020, cancers of the breast, lip and oral cavity and cervix were the three most common cancers in India.(1) The national programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke (NPCDCS) recommends a population-based screening for identifying pre-cancerous lesions and early detection of these three cancers by front line health workers.(2) Data about cancer screening has been included in the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5).(3) We have tried to understand the current status of cervical, breast and oral cancer screening in India.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2449
2022-12-14T04:03:49Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2449
2022-12-14T04:03:49Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 3 (2022); 453
Current Status of Anaemia Among 6- 59-Month Old Children In India – What Does the NHFS Fact Sheet Speak?
Sahrawat, Neha ; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi
Sodhi, Avinash Kaur ; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi
Mishra, Sidharth Sekhar ; International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi
2022-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2449
Child Malnutrition
Anaemia
Nutritional status
NFHS
en_US
Introduction-
India has the highest rate of child anemia among developing countries. To gain the most up-to-date picture of child anemia in India. We used the data of 6 to 59 months old children from the fifth cycle of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2019–21. The study's goals were to shape the pervasiveness of anaemia in children in state of India, age group and zone, as well as the relationship between socioeconomic factors and anaemia.
Methodology-The presented study is a secondary data analysis based on the data from the NFHS-5 and secondary literature.
Results- The study found that in India in 2019– 21, 67.1% of children of specified age 6-59 months were anaemic, an increase of 8.5% points since the NFHS-4 study conducted in 2015–16 i.e., 67.1% and as compared with NFHS-4 (58.6%), despite of the significant increase in the consumption of iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets under INIPI. The data show that the number was higher in rural India (68.3 percent) compared to urban India (64.2 percent). Unfortunately, recent Economic development and the national anaemia control programme have not resulted in a significant reduction in anaemia prevalence in India.
Conclusion- According to the study, the percentage of children in India was anemia increased by 8.5% in NFHS-5 as compared with previous NFHS-4 survey which found to be at 58.6%.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2469
2022-12-14T04:03:41Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2469
2022-12-14T04:03:41Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 34 No. 3 (2022); 452
Diabetes Awareness & Its Challenges- A Hammering Issue
Srivastava, Kajal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
Borgaonkar, Chaitali; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
Johnson, Subhash; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
Mahajan, Anil ; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune
2022-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2469
Diabetes
Challenges
Challengesawareness
en_US
Diabetes is one of the most common non communicable diseases affecting many people of our country. India being a diabetic capital of world is facing a major epidemic of same. After Covid -19 pandemic its become more evident that person who were having deranged blood sugar level were more at risk of getting infections. So its very important to create awareness of same. According to National Family Health Survey -5 (NFHS-5) men & women with high or very high blood sugar level (>140mg/dl) who are taking medicines were 15.6 % & 13.5% respectively. Females 15 years & above whose blood sugar levels were high or very high were 6.1 & 6.3 % and men with same were 7.3 & 7.2 %(1). These findings were added first time in NFHS survey as more and more population are getting this silent but killer disease. The main risk factors for this disease are very well known like modifiable risk factors are obesity specially central obesity, gestational diabetes, sedentary life style, a highly saturated fat diet, reduced intake of dietary fibers, malnutrition related diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption etc (2).
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2553
2023-04-18T07:42:48Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2553
2023-04-18T07:42:48Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 35 No. 1 (2023); 134 - 135
Personal Life of Medical Journal Editor: Artificial Intelligence as almost First Author may come to Rescue
Gupta, Deepak; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
2023-03-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2553
Personal life
Medical journal editor
First author
Artificial intelligence
GPT-3
en_US
Utopic or dystopic future is on the horizon unless it is already here. Maybe it is utopic for medical journal editors if artificial intelligence (AI) is writing medical research papers submitted to medical journals because in due course of time, AI may evolve to become AI editors and AI peers relieving humans from burning the midnight oil to run medical journals as medical journal editors while seeking human peers for review of submitted articles before editing and publishing as many peer-reviewed articles as humanely and appropriately possible.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2576
2023-11-22T04:54:28Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2576
2023-11-22T04:54:28Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 35 No. 3 (2023); 385 - 386
A call for more nuanced approaches to understanding selfie use among medical students
Devmurari, Parthkumar; RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
2023-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2576
Behaviour
Selfie
Medical Education
en_US
I am writing to express my views on the recently published article titled "Assessment of Selfie Addiction Among Undergraduate Medical Students" in your esteemed journal. As an assistant professor in a physiotherapy college with eight years of experience, I have been closely working with undergraduate medical students to improve their physical well-being and mental health. Given the rising trend of social media use among students, including the excessive use of selfies, I strongly believe that it is important to critically evaluate the potential consequences of such behaviour. My experience in the field of physiotherapy has allowed me to observe the negative impact of excessive social media use on both physical and mental health.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2691
2023-11-24T04:22:22Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2691
2023-11-24T04:22:22Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 35 No. 3 (2023); 387 - 388
Community Alcoholic - A Ticking Bomb
Srivastava, Kajal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Ghoge, Swati; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Sahu, Ajaykumar; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Rathod, Hetal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2023-09-30
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2691
Alcohol
Society
Health
Policy
en_US
Definition of Alcohol is ethanol specially when considered intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquor, a drink having ethanol and a mixture of ethanol and water that is usually 95% ethanol (1). Alcohol is having varying impact on health of people. Short-term effects include motor vehicle accidents, violence, injuries, and risky sexual behavior while long-term effects include carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, gastric ulcer, pancreatitis etc (2). Alcohol consumption is a major Public health Challenge. In India 18.8% males and 1.3% females above age of 15 years were consuming alcohol according to NFHS-5 Survey (3).
In India different states are having different age limits for alcohol purchase and consumption. Although legal age for alcohol consumption in India varies from 18-25 years of age. States like Gujarat, Bihar, Nagaland and union territory of Lakshadweep and Manipur has complete ban on sale & purchase of same (4). Although some rules and regulations are there but still many people who are below this age limit they consume it. Alcohol is also one of the habit-forming substances so when control is not there people land up in chronic alcoholism. Reasons for increase in consumption of alcohol is rapid industrialization, nuclear family, staying away from warm family environment, peer pressure, pressure of job and performing well in life, i.e. target setting is there, increase social gatherings and alcohol consumption is considered as symbol of modernization.
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2793
2024-01-20T15:36:00Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2793
2024-01-20T15:36:00Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 35 No. 4 (2023); 538 - 539
Achievement of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) below the National Level in Jharkhand
Kumar, Abhishek; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Shikha, Swati; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Begum, Jarina; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Ali, Syed Irfan; Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
2023-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2793
en_US
An indicator of the reproductive health of women in an area is the maternal mortality rate. A lot of women in the reproductive age range pass away from difficulties during, during, or related to pregnancy, childbirth, or abortion. No matter the length or location of the pregnancy, the World Health Organization defines maternal death as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes".(1)
oai:journal.iapsmupuk.org:article/2818
2024-01-23T07:11:33Z
IJCH:LE
v2
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2818
2024-01-23T07:11:33Z
MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Vol. 35 No. 4 (2023); 540 - 541
WHO Growth Charts for Diagnosis of Malnutrition
Phadke, Mrudula; B J Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra India
Menon, Pramila; Dr D Y Patil Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra India
Giri, Purushottam; Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research Medical College, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra
Bodhankar, Uday; CHPA United Kingdom Commonwealth Association for Health & Disability, United Kingdom
Prabhu, Sanjay; BJ Wadia Hospital for Children, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Kinjawadekar, Upendra; President, Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP)
2023-12-31
url:http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2818
en_US
Child malnutrition is a major public health issue worldwide. An estimated 144 million children under age 5 are stunted, 47 million are wasted and 38.3 million have overweight or obesity. Around 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition.1 Measuring the growth of infants and children is an important part of child health surveillance and gives an idea about the nutritional status of the baby. Inadequate infant growth leads to under-nutrition in children in many low- and middle-income countries, which, if followed later in life by an increased intake of calories, can result in overweight or obesity and non- communicable diseases.