Prevalence and Determinants of Long COVID among the COVID-19 Survivors: A Cross-sectional Study from A Rural Area of Maharashtra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2023.v35i02.011Keywords:
Infant, Female, SARS-CoV-2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Prevalence, COVID-19, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Surveys and Questionnaires, Survivors, Hospitalization, Intubation, IntratrachealAbstract
Background: Most patients infected with the COVID-19 virus may experience long-term effects from COVID-19 infection, known as post-COVID or long COVID conditions. Long COVID may last for weeks, months or years and may limit ones day to day activities and needs health care.
Aim & Objective: To study the prevalence and risk factors of long COVID among the COVID-19 survivors of a rural area of Maharashtra.
Methods and Material: A Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in adult subjects residing in Chanai village from Maharashtra who have had a history of COVID-19 and have passed more than 3 months since the diagnosis from May 2022 to June 2022. The interview of the study participants was conducted with the help of a pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire for data collection.
Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010, Open EPI-Info version 3.01 updated on 2013/04/06. Data was presented in tables, graphical format, frequencies and percentages and the statistical association was shown using the chi- square test.
Results: The majority of participants were males (59%), from 19 to 39 years of age group (57%), having fever as presenting symptom (83%), with mild COVID (13%), and required hospitalization (53%). Long COVID was associated with the elderly age group, male sex (27.1%), severe COVID presentation (88.2%) after 12 weeks, and those required intubation (80%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of long COVID was 17.5%. Determinants associated with long COVID were the elderly age group, male sex, severe COVID presentation and who required intubation.
Downloads
References
World Health Organization. Update 36 – Long-term effects of COVID-19. Geneva: WHO; 2020.available from https://www. who.int/publications/m/item/update-36-long-term-effects-of- covid-19.
Raj SVA, Jacob A, Ambu V, Wilson T, Renuka R. Post COVID- 19 clinical manifestations and its risk factors among patients in a Northern District in Kerala, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(9):5312-19.
Naik S, Haldar SN, Soneja M, Mundadan NG, Garg P, Mittal A, et al. Post COVID-19 sequelae: A prospective observational study from Northern India. Drug Discov Ther. 2021;15(5):254- 260.
World Health Organization. The latest on the COVID-19 global situation & long-term sequelae. 2021.Available from: https:// www.who.int/publications/m/item/update-54-clinical_long- term-effects-of-COVID-19.
Tleyjeh IM, Saddik B, Alswaidan N, AlAnazi A, Ramakrishnan RK, Alhazmi D, et al. Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: A cohort study with 4 months median follow-up. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(12):1-15.
Baig AM. Chronic COVID syndrome: Need for an appropriate medical terminology for long-COVID and COVID longhaulers. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(5):2555–6.
Callard F, Perego E. How and why patients made Long COVID. Soc Sci Med. 2021;268:1-5.
Ministry of health and family welfare.National Comprehensive Guidelines for Management of Post-COVID Sequelae. Ava i l able f rom ht t p s: //w w w.moh f w.gov.i n /p d f / prehensiveGuidelinesforManagementofPostCovidSequelae. pdf.
Logue JK, Franko NM, McCulloch DJ, McDonald D, Magedson A, Wolf CR, et al. Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months After COVID-19 Infection. JAMA network open. 2021; 4(2):1-4.
Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, Billig Rose E, Shapiro NI, Files DC, et al. Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network— United States. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2020; 69(30):993–8.
Perlis RH, Santillana M, Ognyanova K, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Long COVID Symptoms Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):1-5.
Verma A, Patyal A, Mathur M, Choudhary S, Mathur N. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with COVID mortality among hospitalized patients in Rajasthan: A retrospective observational study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(9):3319-24.
Mohan A, Tiwari P, Bhatnagar S, Patel A, Maurya A, Dar L, et al. Clinico-demographic profile and hospital outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted at a tertiary care centre in north India. Indian J Med Res. 2020;152:61.
Bhandari S, Singh A, Sharma R, Rankawat G, Banerjee S, Gupta V, et al. Characteristics, Treatment outcomes and role of hydroxychloroquine among 522 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Jaipur City: An epidemio-clinical study. J Assoc Physicians India.2020;68:13–19.
Arjun MC, Singh AK, Pal D, Das K, G. A, Venkateshan M, et al. Characteristics and predictors of Long COVID among diagnosed cases of COVID-19. PLoS ONE.2022;17(12):1-14.
Global COVID-19 Clinical PlatformCase Report Form (CRF) for Post COVID condition .Post COVID19 CRF).2021. Available from: https://www.who. int/publications/i/ item/ global-COVID-19-clinical-platformcase- report-form-for- post-COVID-conditions-post- COVID-19.
Iqbal FM, Lam K, Sounderajah V, Clarke JM, Ashrafian H, Darzi A. Characteristics and predictorsof acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: Asystematic review and metaanalysis. EClinicalMedicine.2021; 36:1–13.
Fatima G, Bhatt D, Idrees J,Khalid B, Mahdi F,Mehdi F.Elucida ting Post-COVID-19 manifestations in India. medRxiv.2021. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/ content/10.1101/2021.07.06.21260115v1.
Cabrera AL, Pacheco RL, Bagattini AM, Riera R. Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: A systematic review. Int JClin Pract. 2021; 75(10):1-16.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohini Sopanrao Jogdand, Bhondwe Meghraj R, Jogdand Keerti S, Yerpude Pravin N, Tathe Ganesh R, Wadiyar Shweta S
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
