Gender discrimination and other factors affecting Full Immunization Coverage (FIC) in 59 low performing blocks of Bihar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2020.v32i01.020Keywords:
Full Immunization Coverage, Gender Discrimination, Coverage Ratio, Gender InequalityAbstract
Background: Routine childhood immunization has proven to be among the most practical and most cost-effective health interventions. The full immunization coverage (FIC) has increased, still it is less. Especially in the low performing blocks of Bihar ,it is less than 70 %.There are various factors responsible for less FIC including gender discrimination also which is still hidden in the society. Hence this study was done to find out the FIC in Bihar with associated factors including gender discrimination. Objectives: To find out the various associated factors affecting FIC and to find out gender discrimination (if any) in FIC in different districts of Bihar. Methodology: Two stage cluster sampling with Probability Proportional to size Sampling (PPS) was used as per Study protocol. The study was conducted in 59 low- performing blocks of Bihar where the full immunization coverage was less than 70%. The survey was conducted in 59 blocks. From each block, 30 clusters (Villages) were selected. As a convention, 7 children of age group 12- 23 months were selected from each cluster. Thus, data collection was done for a total of 12,390 children.A structured questionnaire was formulated on the basis of WHO coverage evaluation format. Web based Application SDRC kit was used for data collection while SPSS v. 20 was used for analysis. Results: FIC was found to be 60.81% , it was higher for the rural clusters, general caste, Hindus when compared to urban clusters , SC and other castes, and Muslim religion respectively. For 1st child FIC was highest (66.8%) and was lesser for females. A coverage ratio (female to male) was found to be less than 1 for most of the districts. Conclusion: There are considerable inequities in full immunization by various individual (birth order, gender, birth weight), social (religion, caste), and societal (health care facility and cluster type) characteristics. In general, the ratio (female/male) remains less than 1 for most of the districts.
Downloads
References
Merten S, Hilber A, Biaggi C, Secula F, Bosch-Capblanch X, Namgyal P, et al. Gender Determinants of Vaccination Status in Children: Evidence from a Meta-Ethnographic Systematic Review. PloS One 2015;10:e0135222.
Choudhary M, Solomon R, Awale J, Dey R. Demand-side determinants of timely vaccination of oral polio vaccine in social mobilization network areas of CORE Group polio project in Uttar Pradesh, India. BMC Infect Dis [Internet] 2018 [cited 2019 Jul 24];18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5956729/
WHO | Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 [Internet]. WHO [cited 2019 Jul 12];Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en/
Vashishtha VM, Kumar P. 50 years of immunization in India: Progress and future. Indian Pediatr 2013;50(1):111–8.
Lahariya C. A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India. Indian J Med Res 2014;139(4):491.
Taneja G, Sagar KS, Mishra S. ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA: A PERSPECTIVE. Indian J Community Health 2013;25(2):188–92.
Travasso C. Mission Indradhanush makes vaccination progress in India. :1.
Bhatnagar P, Gupta S, Kumar R, Haldar P, Sethi R, Bahl S. Estimation of child vaccination coverage at state and national levels in India. Bull World Health Organ 2016;94(10):728–34.
Thapa AB, Wijesinghe PR, Abeysinghe MRN. Measles elimination by 2020: a feasible goal for the South-East Asia Region? WHO South-East Asia J Public Health 2014;3(2):123.
Mohapatra I, Kumar A, Mishra K. A study on awareness and utilization of Mission Indradhanush in an urban slum of Bhubaneswar. J Fam Med Prim Care 2018;7(6):1294.
India.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 12];Available from: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf
SRS_Bulletin-Rate-2017-_May_2019.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 12];Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletin-Rate-2017-_May_2019.pdf
Rainey JJ, Watkins M, Ryman TK, Sandhu P, Bo A, Banerjee K. Reasons related to non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children in low and middle income countries: findings from a systematic review of the published literature, 1999-2009. Vaccine 2011;29(46):8215–21.
Drivers of routine immunization coverage improvement in Africa: findings from district-level case studies [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 24];Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4353894/
Phillips DE, Dieleman JL, Lim SS, Shearer J. Determinants of effective vaccine coverage in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and interpretive synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res 2017;17(1):681.
Hilber AM, Bosch-Capblanch X, Schindler C, Beck L, Sécula F, McKenzie O, et al. Summary report for SAGE, November 2010. :206.
Cutts FT, Izurieta HS, Rhoda DA. Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Design, Implementation, and Interpretation Challenges Associated with Tracking Vaccination Coverage Using Household Surveys. PLOS Med 2013;10(5):e1001404.
WHO. Vaccination coverage Cluster Surveys: Reference Manual. 2015;(July):259.
A Study to Find Out the Full Immunization Coverage of 12 to 23-month old Children and Areas of Under-Performance using LQAS Technique in a Rural Area of Tripura [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 25];Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5376832/
Phukan RK, Barman MP, Mahanta J. Factors Associated with Immunization Coverage of Children in Assam, India: Over the First Year of Life. J Trop Pediatr 2009;55(4):249–52.
Immunization uptake and its determinants among the internal migrant population living in nonnotified slums of Hyderabad city, India [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 18];Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132015/
Francis MR, Nuorti JP, Kompithra RZ, Larson H, Balraj V, Kang G, et al. Vaccination coverage and factors associated with routine childhood vaccination uptake in rural Vellore, southern India, 2017. Vaccine 2019;37(23):3078–87.
BR_FactSheet.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2019 Jul 18];Available from: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/BR_FactSheet.pdf
Debnath A, Bhattacharjee N. WEALTH-BASED INEQUALITY IN CHILD IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA: A DECOMPOSITION APPROACH. J Biosoc Sci 2018;50(3):312–25.
Ganguly E, Gupta R, Widge A, Reddy RP, Balasubramanian K, Reddy PS. Increasing Full Child Immunization Rates by Government Using an Innovative Computerized Immunization Due List in Rural India. Inq J Health Care Organ Provis Financ 2018;55:004695801775129.
Mathew JL. Inequity in childhood immunization in India: A systematic review. Indian Pediatr 2012;49(3):203–23.
Corsi DJ, Bassani DG, Kumar R, Awasthi S, Jotkar R, Kaur N, et al. Gender inequity and age-appropriate immunization coverage in India from 1992 to 2006. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2009;9(Suppl 1):S3.
Prinja S, Monga D, Rana SK, Sharma A, Dalpath S, Bahuguna P, et al. District Level Analysis of Routine Immunization in Haryana State: Implications for Mission Indradhanush under Universal Immunization Programme. Indian J Community Med Off Publ Indian Assoc Prev Soc Med 2018;43(3):209–14
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Indian Journal of Community Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
